Fundamentals Exam 2 Chapter 25

Multi drug-resistant Organisms (MDRO)

Bacteria that is resistant to one or more classes of antibiotics

- Ex: MRSA, VISA, VRSA, and C-diff

First-line of defense

Integumentary System

- Skin, Saliva, Tears, Mucous Membranes, Normal flora

Most effective way to get rid of Infection?

Hand Hygiene

Hand Hygiene

Handwashing with plain soap and water forat least 20 seconds

5 Moments Hand Hygiene should be done

1. Before touching a patient

2. Before a clean or aseptic procedure

3. After a body fluid risk

4. After touching a patient

5. After touching patient surroundings

Asepsis

Stops the spread of microorganisms and the threat of infection

- Medical asepsis: Clean technique

- Surgical asepsis: Sterile technique

Causes of Health Care-Associated Infections

1. Exogenous: Bad organism is acquired form other people

2. Endogenous: Bad organism is microbial life harbored in the person

3. Iatrogenic: Result form a treatment or procedure

Order to put on a PPE

1. Handwashing

2. Gown

3. Mask

4. Goggles

5. Gloves

Order to take off a PPE

1. Gloves

2. Goggles

3. Gown

4. Mask

5. Handwashing

Standard Precautions: Tier 1

- Follow hand hygiene techniques

- Wear clean non sterile gloves

- Wear personal protective equipment

- Follow respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette

- Avoid recapping used needles

- Use safe injection practices

- Wear face mask

- Handle used patient care equipment that is soiled with blood or identified body fluids, secretions, and excretions carefully

- Use adequate environmental controls

- Review room assignments carefully.

Transmission Based Precautions: Tier 2

1. Contact: Patients who are infected or colonized by a multi drug-resistant organism (MDRO)

2. Droplet: Patients with an infection that is spread by large-particle droplets

3. Airborne: Patients who have infections that spread through the air such as tuberculosis, varicella (chicken pox), and rubeola

Contact Precautions

Used for patients infected with Multidrug resistant organism, MDRO

- Wound infection

- C-diff, Clostridium difficle

- Enteric Precautions

For Droplet Precaution if it is larger than 5 microns

Examples: Measles, mumps, influenza, Scarlet Fever, Streptococcal Pharyngitis, whooping cough, and bacterial meningitis.

- Private room for patient

- Nurse must wear PPE

Airborne

Very fine mist, dust, aerosols, or liquids that are inhaled

- Patient must have private room with negative airflow

- Nurse must wear PPE with a special N95 respirator mask

- When patient exits the room they must wear a mask

- Ex: Tuberculosis, Measles, Varicella, Disseminated Herpes Zoster, Shingles, or Covid-19

Neutropenic Precautions: Hospital Environment

- Caregiver must be healthy at all time

- No visitors who are sick mostly just immediate family

- No standing water

- No plants

Neutropenic Precautions: Home Environment

- Wash hands frequently

- Keep immunizations up to date

- Clean and disinfect

- Avoid sharing personal items

- Proper cooking of food

- Refrigerate or freeze perishables, prepared foods, and leftovers