Bio SB- Chapter 8: DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis

Select all the body and cellular processes that require cell division (mitosis or meiosis) to function.

dead cell replacement

reproduction

growth

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically ________ to each other.

identical

Bacteria and archaea reproduce asexually by a process called

binary fission.

Select all of the following that are true about sexual reproduction.

offspring are genetically different from their parents

two parents are required

offspring are genetically different from each other

What process gives rise to gametes in humans?

Meiosis

Some method of cell division is necessary for every organism to

reproduce.

Sperm cells and egg cells are also called

gametes.

Select all of the processes involved in asexual reproduction.

replication of the genetic material

splitting of one cell into two cells

Select all of the types of organisms that can produce new individuals by asexual reproduction.

bacteria

many protists

archaea

some multicellular eukaryotes

In sexual reproduction, the sex cells of two different parents fuse to form

a genetically different offspring.

Which of the following does "II" represent within this life cycle?

fertilization

______ is a specialized type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically different from each other.

Meiosis

In sexual reproduction, the first cell of the next generation (the zygote) is produced by the process of ______, which is the union of the sex cells.

fertilization

In sexual reproduction, meiosis results in the production of genetically unique sperm cells and egg cells, which are also called

gametes.

The type of cell division that divides a cell's genetic information into two identical nuclei is called

mitosis.

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically ________ to each other.

identical

What process accounts for the formation of a multicellular adult from a zygote and for asexual reproduction in protists and other eukaryotes?

mitosis

Bacteria and archaea reproduce asexually by a process called

binary fission.

Because apoptosis is an intentional act on the part of the cell, it is sometimes referred to as "______ cell death."

programmed

Which of the following does "I" represent within this life cycle?

meiosis

As shown in the picture, the process involved in the shaping of toes instead of webbed feet in developing chickens is called

apoptosis.

In sexual reproduction, the union of sperm and egg occurs in a process called ______________ .

fertilization

A cell's _______________ is defined as all the cell's genetic material (DNA) and consists of one or more chromosomes containing the DNA.

genome

A type of cell division called ______________ divides a eukaryotic cell's genetic information into two identical daughter nuclei.

mitosis

A single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins is called a

chromosome.

Select all of the processes that are due to mitotic cell division. (mitosis(

growth of a zygote into a multicellular adult

replacement of lost cells

repair after injury

Regulated cell death that is a necessary part of development is called

apoptosis.

The process of reading a DNA strand and making a complementary DNA copy of that strand is called

DNA replication.

Not only is cell division a normal part of development, but ______ called apoptosis also plays a role in a developing body, as in the loss of a tadpole's tail as a young frog develops.

cell death

In order for a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to divide, it needs to first duplicate its entire ______, which consists of all of its genetic material.

genome

In a DNA molecule, ______ bonds form between nitrogenous bases, such that A (adenine) pairs with its complement ______, and G (guanine) pairs with its complement ______.

hydrogen; T (thymine); C (cytosine)

A cell's genetic material is contained in one or more

chromosomes.

What describes the product of DNA replication?

One strand of a new DNA double helix is newly synthesized and the other strand is from the parent molecule.

What process accounts for the formation of a multicellular adult from a zygote and for asexual reproduction in protists and other eukaryotes?

mitosis

What process is illustrated in this picture?

DNA replication

In order for a cell to divide, all of its genetic information has to be duplicated through a process called

DNA replication.

What role do enzymes called helicases play in DNA replication?

unwind the DNA molecule before replication

As shown in the picture, the process involved in the shaping of toes instead of webbed feet in developing chickens is called

apoptosis.

What enzyme adds complementary bases to exposed single strands of DNA during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

A DNA molecule consists of two strands of ______ held together in a ______ structure.

nucleotides; double helix

Due to its proofreading accuracy, DNA polymerase incorporates an incorrect nucleotide only about one in a ______ nucleotides.

billion

In ______, two DNA double helices are synthesized from one DNA double helix molecule when it unwinds and complementary nucleotides are added to the exposed unpaired bases.

DNA replication

The term ___________ refers to any change in a cell's DNA sequence.

mutation

Place the steps of DNA replication into the correct order, beginning with the first step at the top.

Helicases unwind and unzip the DNA double helix

DNA polymerase adds new, complementary nucleotides to the exposed single strands of DNA.

Ligase enzymes form covalent bonds between adjacent DNA segments.

What enzyme unwinds DNA to separate the strands for DNA replication?

helicase

Binary fission is a type of ______ seen in prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria.

asexual reproduction

The enzyme called DNA ______ adds new complementary DNA nucleotides to a single-stranded DNA template.

polymerase

What type of asexual reproduction involves the attachment of replicated DNA molecules to the inner part of the cell membrane, which then grows and separates the DNA strands into daughter cells?

Binary fission

What enzyme has proofreading and repair functions during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Eukaryotic cell division is more complicated than binary fission because eukaryotes house the DNA in

multiple chromosomes.

Although they occur rarely, mistakes in DNA replication result in ______, a change in a cell's DNA sequence.

mutation

During DNA replication, which occurs before cell division, the chromatin is ______.

loosely packed and DNA is accessible

What process is illustrated in this picture?

DNA replication

A replicated chromosome consists of two attached copies called sister

chromatids

Binary ______ is a type of prokaryotic asexual reproduction in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two new daughter cells.

fission

Centromeres attach ______ to each other.

sister chromatids

Binary fission in prokaryotes begins with the

replication of the single chromosome.

interphase

the time between cell divisions in which DNA replication, basic cellular activities, and cell growth take place

mitosis

division of the contents of the nucleus

cytokinesis

division of the cell itself

In prokaryotes, DNA is contained in ______, and in eukaryotes, DNA is contained in ______.

a single chromosome; multiple chromosomes

What part of the cell cycle occurs immediately after interphase?

mitosis

When the cell is not dividing, chromatin is ______ so that the DNA is accessible for cell activities.

loosely packed

Select all of the following that describe the products of one cell undergoing mitotic cell division.

identical genetic material

2 daughter cells

organelles distributed to daughter cells

After DNA replication, chromosomes consist of two

sister chromatids.

During a section of the cell cycle collectively called ______, the cell is not dividing, but protein synthesis, cell growth, DNA replication, and basic cell functions are occurring.

interphase

Paired sister chromatids are joined to each other at the

centromere.

Select all of the following that are part of interphase.

G2

G1

S

The ______ describes the series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell from cell division, including division of the genetic material and the cytoplasm, through the interval of cell activity before the next cell division.

cell cycle

What cell cycle stage follows G1 but precedes G2?

S

Select all of the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle.

mitosis

cytokinesis

interphase

The mitotic spindle is composed of protein fibers called ______ that coordinate the movements of ______ during mitosis.

microtubules; chromosomes

In a human body, mitotic cell division occurs about 300 million times per minute and acts to ______.

replace cells

True or false: The phase of the cell cycle called interphase is a time of inactivity and rest for the cell after mitosis.

False

Which of the following best describes the overall process of mitosis?

The type of cell division that separates chromosomes and produces two daughter cells with identical nuclei.

The G1, S, and G2 phases are components of a part of the eukaryotic cell cycle called

interphase.

Place these mitotic events in the order that they occur, beginning with the earliest event at the top.

1. chromosomes condense and become visible

2. nuclear envelope breaks up and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

3. chromosomes align along the equator of the cell

4. sister chromatids separate

5. nuclear envelope re-forms

During the _______ phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs.

synthesis (S)

The chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope during what phase of mitosis?

prophase

The _______ consists of microtubule fibers that move the chromosomes during mitosis.

spindle

Select all of the following that describe the products of one cell undergoing mitotic cell division.

organelles distributed to daughter cells

2 daughter cells

identical genetic material

Select all of the events that occur during prophase.

Nuclear envelope breaks up.

Mitotic spindle forms.

Nucleolus disappears.

Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles.

True or false: The daughter cells of mitosis have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

False

The spindle lines up the chromosomes along the equator of the cell during what phase of mitosis?

metaphase

Place the stages of mitosis in order of occurrence, beginning with the first stage at the top.

1. prophase

2. metaphase

3. anaphase

3. telophase

Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell during what phase of mitosis?

anaphase

The stage of mitosis shown in the picture is called early .

early prophase

The chromosomes begin to unwind and the nuclear envelope re-forms during what phase of mitosis?

telophase

The mitotic spindle is composed of protein fibers called ______ that coordinate the movements of ______ during mitosis.

microtubules; chromosomes

What cellular event is occurring in this picture?

cytokinesis

The nuclear envelope breaks down during what phase of mitosis?

prophase

The stage of mitosis shown in the image is called (chromosomes at the cell's equator) .

metaphase

An abnormal mass of tissue that results from the loss of cell cycle control is called a(n)

tumor.

What stage of mitosis is shown in the image? spindles pulling apart the chromosomes

anaphase

Select all the true statements with respect to benign tumors.

They are usually harmless.

They grow slowly.

They are surrounded by a tough capsule to prevent them from spreading.

In this stage of mitosis, which is called ______________ , the mitotic spindle disassembles and division of the genetic material is complete, but the cell cytoplasm has not yet divided.

telophase

Select all of the following that are true about malignant tumors.

They invade adjacent tissue.

They are likely to metastasize.

Following mitosis, what process splits the organelles, cytoplasm, duplicated nuclei, and macromolecules into two daughter cells?

Cytokinesis

A malignant tumor is likely to ______, meaning break away and spread to distant locations.

metastasize

Select all of the events that occur during prophase.

Mitotic spindle forms.

Nucleolus disappears.

Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles.

Nuclear envelope breaks up.