Unit 2 Test - Notes

• Genetics

• Species

• Habitat

• Ecosystem

Biodiversity exists on four scales:

Genetic Diversity

a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population

Species Diversity

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Habitat Diversity

the variety of habitats that exist in a given ecosystem

Ecosystem Diversity

the variety of ecosystems that exist in a given region

population bottleneck

Larger populations may have higher genetic diversity, but when that population declines rapidly, the survivors may not have as much genetic diversity as the original group, leading to a _______________.

different adaptations

With habitats that are different, different species will have _____________

specialists

Some species can be ____________, with a narrow range of biotic/abiotic conditions, like Koalas

generalists

Other species can be __________ with a wide range of biotic/abiotic conditions

High - disease resistance
Low - disease susceptibility

What are the high and low consequences of genetic diversity?

High - ecosystems respond well to disturbances

Low - decreases in species number can serve as indicator of ecosystem health

What are the high and low consequences of species diversity?

What are the high and low consequences of habitat dive

High - greater diversity of ecosystems can lead to more species

Low - decreases in ecosystem types reduce species and genetic diversity available

What are the high and low consequences of ecosystem diversity?

other species

When a number of species increases, habitats can become more stable, and have an impact on ___________

high genetic diersity

Agriculture no longer has _________________

We plant only monocultures in plants and livestock, which makes these plants and animals more susceptible to disease (e.g. bird flu)

Why does agriculture no longer have high genetic diversity?

Specialists

___________ are more impacted by ecosystem disturbances

species richness

the number of different species in a given area

species evenness

the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

biodiversity

Both species richness and species evenness are important measures in order to provide a complete picture of ___________

True

True or false? Species evenness is independent of species richness

• Active during night hours

• Found in inaccessible areas

• Too small to be found with the naked eye

• Range and number too great to quantify

What are the challenges with estimating number of species?

2 million

To date, ____________ species have been named

15,000 to 18,000

______________ are discovered each year, worldwide

Estimates for total species on Earth range between ___________ to

With more habitat diversity, there is more net productivity due to a diverse genetic pool and nutrients

How are NPP and habitat diversity realted?

stressors

The more genetically diverse a population is, the better tit can respond to environmental ________

specialists

Loss of habitat diversity leads to a loss of _______ species, followed by a loss of generalist species

larger

Ecosystems with a ______ number of species are more likely to recover from distruptions

Habitat Diversity

What level of biodiversity corresponds with the ecosystem?

Species Diversity

What level of biodiversity corresponds with the community?

Genetic Diversity

What level of biodiversity corresponds with the population?

• Habitat Loss

• Invasive Species

• Pollution

• Overharvesting

• Human Population

What are some potential food chain/food web stressors?

• Evolution

• Low variation in environmental conditions

• Minor disturbances like floods

• High habitat diversity

What increases genetic diversity?

• Extinction

• Continuous environmental stress

• Extreme disturbances like hurricanes

• Geographic Isolation

• Invasive Species

What decreases genetic diversity?

ecosystem services

benefits that ecosystems provide to humans, both directly and indirectly

ecosystem services

the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

• Pollution

• Drinking Water

• Flood Prevention

• Intrinsic Value

Humans rely on only a few species for essential needs such as:

instrumental values

To understand the value of ecosystems, we need to consider BOTH intrinstic value and ________

Intrinsic Value

means there is a value or worth in something from nature even if humans do NOT receive monetary value from it. A moral obligation to preserve nature, to help animals that need our help to survive

Instrumental value

The value that something has a means to a desired or valued end. Value fluctuates based on changes in the desirability of the end to which it is a means

• Provisions

• Regulating Services

• Supporting Services

• Cultural Services

Ecosystem services have four categories:

True

True or false? Each ecosystem service can have a monetary value applied

Provisions

________ are considered goods humans can drectly use, which can include: furs, trees, and natural pharmaceuticals

Regulating services

_______________ maintain environmental conditions and can include: flood control, removal of carbon dioxide by plants, temperature control in forested areas

Supporting servies

___________ provide services that would be costly for humans to generate and can include: pollination, natural pest control services, and pathogen filtration

Cultural services

________________ provide intrinsic/aesthetic benefits for certain groups of people and can include: natural beauty to draw visitors and religious or cultural value

Economists

Who assigns monetary value to ecosystem services?

• Replacement value

• Property value

• Time and Service Fees

What are the three ways of appying monetary value of a service?

Replacement value

cost to replace natural ecosystems

Property value

nearness to natural ecosystems and services

Time and Service Fees

amount of time and money people are willing to spend visiting natural areas (like national parks)

$125 trillion or 2x the global economy

Estimated yearly worth of ecosystem services is _________________

ecosystem services

Specific economic value can be attached to __________________

biodiversity

Removal of habitat an reduce _____________

ecosystem services

Food production: much of our food production world-wide relies on _________________

• Water Availability

• Pollination Services

• Food production

What are some services that have been affected by human overuse?

Water

What has decreased due to human overuse?

Pollination Services

What has been affected by overuse of disease and pesticides?

Fish and shellfish production

What is a specific area of food production disrupted by human activity?

1. Economical

2. Short - term

Direct Value is Instrumental, meaning ________

1. Economical

2. Short-term

Indirect Value is Instrumental, meaning _______

1. Environmental

2. Long-term

Ethical Value is intrinsic, meaning __________

Provisioning

A ________ service is any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature. Along with food, other types of _________ services include drinking water, timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils, plants that can be made into clothes and other materaisl, and medicinal benefits

regulating

A _________ service is the benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena. All these processes work together to make ecosystems clean, sustainable, functional, and resilient to change.

cultural

A _____ service is a non-material benefit that contributes to the developmental and _____ advancement of people, including how ecosystems play a role in local, national, and global ______; the building of knowledge and the spreading of ideas; creativity born from interaction with nature such as hiking, hore

• Photosynthesis

• Nutrient cycling

• Creation of Soils

• Water Cycle

Ecosystem themselves couldn’t be sustained without the consistency of underlying natural processes such as _______

would not exist.

Without supporting services, provisional, regulating, and cultural services _______________

1707-1778

Carl Linnaus lived from _____ to _____

1809-1882

Charles Darwin lived from ____ to _____

1823-1913

Alfred Russel Wallace lived from ___ to ____

large

The highest species richness will be found on ____ islands near the mainalnd

far

The lowest species richness will be found on small islands ____ from the mainland

island biogeography

the study of how species are distributed and interact on islands

resources

Typically, larger islands have more species due to the _______ available

species-area curve

The relationship between island size and species number is known as the ______________

terrestrial landscape

Many studies on island biogeography initially focused on oceanic islands but any isolated habitat can be included, such as ______________

species-are curves

Islands of habitat within a larger landscape (wetlands) have ________ similar to islands in the ocean

size

The ________ of the island affects number of species and ecological relationships

Need of producers

_____________ will affect ecological efficiency

mortality

Smaller islands can’t support larger numbers of predators, this leads to an increase in herbivores (herbivory) and therefore higher _______ in producers

Distance to mainland

____________ tends to be a major factor due to colonization frequency and ease

higher species diversity

Islands of similar size, but closer proximity to the mainland will have _______

higher species numbers

Studies show that larger, closer islands have _________________

Rate of colonization and rate of extinction

What can help determine the number of species on an island?

rise

Because resources are finite on islands, colonization begins to slow and extinction begins to _____

national parks,

Using the models given, we can guide how to preserve biodiversity in _____________

specialists

Species that evolve on islands tend to be ______, due to the limited/variable scenarios:

• Adaptations can occur rapidly

• Food sources may be specialized to the island

• Some species may lack predators

Common generalists

__________ can quickly be invasive on islands

Mice and rats

__________ have a history of wreaking havoc on islands species because they are able to consume native food sources and can be predator to native species

snakes

Other organisms such as _____ can also invade and affect islands specialists

50

Roughly __% of extinctions in the last 400 years have been island species

90

Estimated that at least __% of extincti birds were birds living on islands

habitat islands

islands with functioning ecologies and are their own biome with specialists and generalists

ecological tolerance

type of environment where individuals perform particularly well is their range of ______________

fundamental niche

suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce successfully

Temperature, humidity, and salinity

What are some examples of abotic factors?

realized niche

abiotic and biotic factors can limit the range of ecological tolerance, as organisms can survive, but may not be able to reproduce or thrive

Realized niches

_______ can occur through competition. Even if abiotic factors are ideal, another species may occupy an area, limiting where the first species will be found

• Predators

• Diseases

• Presence of competitors

What are some biotic factors that narrow a fundamental niche to a realized niche?