Studied by 1 person
Genetics
Species
Habitat
Ecosystem
Biodiversity exists on four scales:
Genetic Diversity
a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population
Species Diversity
t
Habitat Diversity
the variety of habitats that exist in a given ecosystem
Ecosystem Diversity
the variety of ecosystems that exist in a given region
population bottleneck
Larger populations may have higher genetic diversity, but when that population declines rapidly, the survivors may not have as much genetic diversity as the original group, leading to a _______________.
different adaptations
With habitats that are different, different species will have _____________
specialists
Some species can be ____________, with a narrow range of biotic/abiotic conditions, like Koalas
generalists
Other species can be __________ with a wide range of biotic/abiotic conditions
High - disease resistance
Low - disease susceptibility
What are the high and low consequences of genetic diversity?
High - ecosystems respond well to disturbances
Low - decreases in species number can serve as indicator of ecosystem health
What are the high and low consequences of species diversity?
What are the high and low consequences of habitat dive
High - greater diversity of ecosystems can lead to more species
Low - decreases in ecosystem types reduce species and genetic diversity available
What are the high and low consequences of ecosystem diversity?
other species
When a number of species increases, habitats can become more stable, and have an impact on ___________
high genetic diersity
Agriculture no longer has _________________
We plant only monocultures in plants and livestock, which makes these plants and animals more susceptible to disease (e.g. bird flu)
Why does agriculture no longer have high genetic diversity?
Specialists
___________ are more impacted by ecosystem disturbances
species richness
the number of different species in a given area
species evenness
the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area
biodiversity
Both species richness and species evenness are important measures in order to provide a complete picture of ___________
True
True or false? Species evenness is independent of species richness
Active during night hours
Found in inaccessible areas
Too small to be found with the naked eye
Range and number too great to quantify
What are the challenges with estimating number of species?
2 million
To date, ____________ species have been named
15,000 to 18,000
______________ are discovered each year, worldwide
Estimates for total species on Earth range between ___________ to
With more habitat diversity, there is more net productivity due to a diverse genetic pool and nutrients
How are NPP and habitat diversity realted?
stressors
The more genetically diverse a population is, the better tit can respond to environmental ________
specialists
Loss of habitat diversity leads to a loss of _______ species, followed by a loss of generalist species
larger
Ecosystems with a ______ number of species are more likely to recover from distruptions
Habitat Diversity
What level of biodiversity corresponds with the ecosystem?
Species Diversity
What level of biodiversity corresponds with the community?
Genetic Diversity
What level of biodiversity corresponds with the population?
Habitat Loss
Invasive Species
Pollution
Overharvesting
Human Population
What are some potential food chain/food web stressors?
Evolution
Low variation in environmental conditions
Minor disturbances like floods
High habitat diversity
What increases genetic diversity?
Extinction
Continuous environmental stress
Extreme disturbances like hurricanes
Geographic Isolation
Invasive Species
What decreases genetic diversity?
ecosystem services
benefits that ecosystems provide to humans, both directly and indirectly
ecosystem services
the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced
Pollution
Drinking Water
Flood Prevention
Intrinsic Value
Humans rely on only a few species for essential needs such as:
instrumental values
To understand the value of ecosystems, we need to consider BOTH intrinstic value and ________
Intrinsic Value
means there is a value or worth in something from nature even if humans do NOT receive monetary value from it. A moral obligation to preserve nature, to help animals that need our help to survive
Instrumental value
The value that something has a means to a desired or valued end. Value fluctuates based on changes in the desirability of the end to which it is a means
Provisions
Regulating Services
Supporting Services
Cultural Services
Ecosystem services have four categories:
True
True or false? Each ecosystem service can have a monetary value applied
Provisions
________ are considered goods humans can drectly use, which can include: furs, trees, and natural pharmaceuticals
Regulating services
_______________ maintain environmental conditions and can include: flood control, removal of carbon dioxide by plants, temperature control in forested areas
Supporting servies
___________ provide services that would be costly for humans to generate and can include: pollination, natural pest control services, and pathogen filtration
Cultural services
________________ provide intrinsic/aesthetic benefits for certain groups of people and can include: natural beauty to draw visitors and religious or cultural value
Economists
Who assigns monetary value to ecosystem services?
Replacement value
Property value
Time and Service Fees
What are the three ways of appying monetary value of a service?
Replacement value
cost to replace natural ecosystems
Property value
nearness to natural ecosystems and services
Time and Service Fees
amount of time and money people are willing to spend visiting natural areas (like national parks)
$125 trillion or 2x the global economy
Estimated yearly worth of ecosystem services is _________________
ecosystem services
Specific economic value can be attached to __________________
biodiversity
Removal of habitat an reduce _____________
ecosystem services
Food production: much of our food production world-wide relies on _________________
Water Availability
Pollination Services
Food production
What are some services that have been affected by human overuse?
Water
What has decreased due to human overuse?
Pollination Services
What has been affected by overuse of disease and pesticides?
Fish and shellfish production
What is a specific area of food production disrupted by human activity?
Economical
Short - term
Direct Value is Instrumental, meaning ________
Economical
Short-term
Indirect Value is Instrumental, meaning _______
Environmental
Long-term
Ethical Value is intrinsic, meaning __________
Provisioning
A ________ service is any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature. Along with food, other types of _________ services include drinking water, timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils, plants that can be made into clothes and other materaisl, and medicinal benefits
regulating
A _________ service is the benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena. All these processes work together to make ecosystems clean, sustainable, functional, and resilient to change.
cultural
A _____ service is a non-material benefit that contributes to the developmental and _____ advancement of people, including how ecosystems play a role in local, national, and global ______; the building of knowledge and the spreading of ideas; creativity born from interaction with nature such as hiking, hore
Photosynthesis
Nutrient cycling
Creation of Soils
Water Cycle
Ecosystem themselves couldn’t be sustained without the consistency of underlying natural processes such as _______
would not exist.
Without supporting services, provisional, regulating, and cultural services _______________
1707-1778
Carl Linnaus lived from _____ to _____
1809-1882
Charles Darwin lived from ____ to _____
1823-1913
Alfred Russel Wallace lived from ___ to ____
large
The highest species richness will be found on ____ islands near the mainalnd
far
The lowest species richness will be found on small islands ____ from the mainland
island biogeography
the study of how species are distributed and interact on islands
resources
Typically, larger islands have more species due to the _______ available
species-area curve
The relationship between island size and species number is known as the ______________
terrestrial landscape
Many studies on island biogeography initially focused on oceanic islands but any isolated habitat can be included, such as ______________
species-are curves
Islands of habitat within a larger landscape (wetlands) have ________ similar to islands in the ocean
size
The ________ of the island affects number of species and ecological relationships
Need of producers
_____________ will affect ecological efficiency
mortality
Smaller islands can’t support larger numbers of predators, this leads to an increase in herbivores (herbivory) and therefore higher _______ in producers
Distance to mainland
____________ tends to be a major factor due to colonization frequency and ease
higher species diversity
Islands of similar size, but closer proximity to the mainland will have _______
higher species numbers
Studies show that larger, closer islands have _________________
Rate of colonization and rate of extinction
What can help determine the number of species on an island?
rise
Because resources are finite on islands, colonization begins to slow and extinction begins to _____
national parks,
Using the models given, we can guide how to preserve biodiversity in _____________
specialists
Species that evolve on islands tend to be ______, due to the limited/variable scenarios:
Adaptations can occur rapidly
Food sources may be specialized to the island
Some species may lack predators
Common generalists
__________ can quickly be invasive on islands
Mice and rats
__________ have a history of wreaking havoc on islands species because they are able to consume native food sources and can be predator to native species
snakes
Other organisms such as _____ can also invade and affect islands specialists
50
Roughly __% of extinctions in the last 400 years have been island species
90
Estimated that at least __% of extincti birds were birds living on islands
habitat islands
islands with functioning ecologies and are their own biome with specialists and generalists
ecological tolerance
type of environment where individuals perform particularly well is their range of ______________
fundamental niche
suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce successfully
Temperature, humidity, and salinity
What are some examples of abotic factors?
realized niche
abiotic and biotic factors can limit the range of ecological tolerance, as organisms can survive, but may not be able to reproduce or thrive
Realized niches
_______ can occur through competition. Even if abiotic factors are ideal, another species may occupy an area, limiting where the first species will be found
Predators
Diseases
Presence of competitors
What are some biotic factors that narrow a fundamental niche to a realized niche?
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