Neuromuscular Physiology Set 1

which energy system is the first line of defense because it can make ATP the fastest?

phosphagen (ATP-Pcr) system

how much net ATP does glycolysis yield from one glucose molecule vs glycogen?

2 ATP from glucose and 3 ATP from glycogen

when does pyruvate get converted into lactic acid rather than entering the mitochondria?

when ATP demand exceeds the ability to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

in the complete glucose oxidation diagram, which step produces the MOST ATP via oxidative phosporylation?

6 NADH from the krebs cycle (15 ATP) total for complete oxidation is 32 ATP

B vitamins

are water soluble work together as a B-complex

which group of B vitamins are coenzymes for enzymes that release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein?

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin

thiamin (b1), as TDP/TPP, is required for oxidative decarboxylation of which reactions?

pyruvate → acetyl CoA and alpha-ketoglutarate → succinyl CoA

which of the following is a major role of thiamin OTHER than energy transformation?

synthesis of NADPH and nerve conduction

dry beriberi and wet beriberi (thiamin deficiency) primarily affect which systems respectively?

nervous system (peripheral neuropathy), cardiovascular system

wernicke’s encephalopathy is especially common in which at-risk group and why?

chronic alcohol users; reduced thiamin intake, damaged liver storage, and decresed absorption

riboflavin (B2) is converted into FMN and FAD. where do these coenzymes function?

FMN in the electron transport chain; FAD in the Krebs cycle (succinate → fumarate) and beta-oxidation of fatty acids

niacin (B3) forms NAD+. which kreb’s cycle related oxidations depend on NAD (niacin)?

pyruvate → acetyl CoA, isocitrate → alpha ketoglutarate, and malate → oxaloacetate

pantothenic acid (B5) is a component of coenzyme A. which of these is a role of CoA/pantothenic acid?

forms acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA and serves as the prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein (ACP) for fatty acid synthesis

biotin (B7) is the coenzyme for carboxylases. which pairing is correct?

pyruvate → oxaloacetate; acetyl CoA carboxylase: acetyl CoA → malonyl CoA (rate-limiting step of fatty acid synthesis)

vitamin B6 (as PLP) is primarily involved in which type of metabolism and by which reaction

amino acid metabolism, transamination (alanine + alpha-ketaglutarate → pyruvate + glutamate)