Intro to Psych EXAM 1 PS109- Beth Peters

Hypothesis

testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured

Psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Skinner box is?

A controlled experiment that involved training rats with lights to know when to press the lever to get food. A behavioral controlled experiment (Learning)

Abraham Maslow is best known for…..?

hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior— physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization

Order of the founding of each branch of psychology

Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalytic Theory, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism, and Humanism

Biopsychologist

study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior

Developmental Psychology

the physical and mental attrivutes of aging and maturation

Social Psychology

how individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior —- prejudice, attraction, interpersonal conflicts

Clinical Psychology

diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior—- involves clinical therapy and counseling

Theory

well-tested explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole

What did Carl Rogers believe all therapists needed to do?

unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

Scientific Method

way of learning about the world through collecting observations, proposing explanations for the observations,  developing

theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions about

future occurrences or behaviors.

The scientific process is…?

Circular

Case study

study that focuses on one individual, has an extreme or unique psychological circumstance that differientiates them for the general public

Jane Goodall

made a career of conducting naturalistic observations of chimpanzee behavior

Survey

a list of questions used to gather a large amount of data from a sample from a larger population

Longitiudial Research

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

Negative Correlation

one set of data rises while the other falls

Illusory correlation

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

Difference between independent vs dependent variables

I- influenced controlled by the experimenter in the group D-researcher measures to see how much effect

the independent variable had.

Random sampling

subset of a

larger population in which every

member of the population has an

equal chance of being selected.

This form of sampling is preferred

because it is more likely that the

selected participants will be

representative of the larger

population (sex, ethnicity, social

economic status etc).

random group assignment

Method of experimental group assignment in which all

participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.

double blind study

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants

are blind to group assignments. (Controls for both participant and experimenter

expectations).

reliability

consistency and reproducibility of a given result.

IRB

Institutional Review Board— Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants.

Differences of positive and negative correlation

P- two sets of data rend to rise or fall TOGETHER— N- One set of data rises while the other falls

What two things go together?

Chromosomes and DNA

Range of Reaction

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System + Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic nervous system

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS.

Sympathetic nervous system

involved in stress-related activities + functions— fight or flight—- increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, dilates pupils

parasympathetic nervous system

routine, day to day operations of the body under relaxed conditions— resr and restore—- slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, constricts pupils

Lateralization

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated

with specialized functions.

- -The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

- -The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

Three main areas of brain

Forebrain,Midbrain, Hindbrain

Cerebral Cortex

associated with thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory

Somatosensory Cortex

in charge of temperature, touch, pain

Thalamus

relay center of the brain where most senses (execpt smell) are routed to before going to other parts of the brain

Limbic system

mediating emotional response and memory

fMRI

a non-invasive brain imaging technique that maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation

Three parts of the brain that make up the hindbrain

Medulla, pons, cerebeullum

Motor cortex is in…?

Frontal lobe

Somatosensory cortex is in…?

Parietal lobe