Demography

What is birth rate?

- Number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.

- In long term decline since 1900

- 3 baby booms in the 20th century

What is the total fertility rate?

- Average number of children women will have during their fertile years.

What is the TFR of the UK?

- Increased compared to recent years but still low.

- 2001: 1.63

- 1964: 2.95

- Due to women remaining childless and postponing having children.

What are the reasons for decline in birth rate?

- Women's changing position

- Decline in infant mortality rate

- Children are now an economic liability

- Childcentredness

What does Harper believe?

- Education of women is the most plausible reason for the decline in the birth rate

- Falling infant mortality rate leads to parents not trying to replace children that they have lost.

What are the affects of changes in fertility?

- Creates dual earner families

- Fall in the dependency ratio

- Fewer schools needed

- Ageing population

What is the dependency ratio?

the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

What is the death rate?

- The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

- Declined slowly since the 1950s

What are the reasons for the decline in death rate?

- Improved nutrition (McKeown believes this is the most plausible reason)

- Medical Improvements (NHS)

- Smoking and diet (Harper: decline in smoking)

- Public health measures (Clean air act)

- Social changes (decline in manual occupations, smaller families)

What does Tranter believe?

- Decline in death rare between 1850-1970 is because of the decline in infectious diseases

What is the life expectancy of males?

1900: 50

2013: 90

What is the life expectancy of females?

1900: 57

2013: 94

What are class, gender and regional differences in life expectancy?

- Women live longer than men

- Those who live in the North have a lower life expectancy

- Walker: those who live in the poorest families die on average 7 years earlier.

What is the ageing population?

- Average age of the population is rising

- Because of: increased life expectancy, decline in infant mortality, decline in fertility.

What are the affects of an ageing population?

- Public services feel the pressure (older people rely on them more)

- One person pensioner households

- Dependency ratio increases as more are retiring.

How has modern society affected the ageing population?

- Old are no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive- they are now powerless.

- Old become a market for rejuvenation as consumption is key to out identities.

What is migration?

movement of people from one place to another

What is immigration?

Movement of individuals into a population

What is emigration?

Movement out of a population

What is net migration?

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

During 1900-45 who were the biggest immigrant group?

The Irish, very few immigrants were non white

What happened during the 1950s?

Black immigrants from the Caribbean arrive in the UK, causes a more ethnically diverse society.

What are the main reasons for emigration?

- Economic

- Push factors: economic recession at home

- Pull factors: better opportunities abroad.

How has an increase in migration affected the UK population structure?

- Population size (net migration is growing, so population is growing)

- Age structure (directly: immigrants are generally younger, indirectly: means they are more fertile)

- Dependency ratio (immigrants are more likely to be of working age, decreasing the dependency ratio)

How has globalisation impacted migration?

It has increased

What are the trends in global migration?

- Acceleration: increase in migration

- Differentiation: 3 types of migrants

- Feminism of migration: more female migrants because of factors that push females away.

What are Cohen's 3 types of migrant?

- Citizens: those with full citizenship rights

- Denizens: privileged foreign nationals.

- Helots: slaves

What does Eriksen believe?

Globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns, as a result migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to completely one culture.

- Transnational Identity.

What is the politicisation of migration?

- States now have policies to control immigration

What is assimilation?

policies encouraging immigrants to adopt the customs of a host culture

What is shallow diversirty?

Things acceptable to the state

What is deep diversity?

Things forbidden by the state