BIOL 2302 A&P Exam 5

During prolonged fasting, the urinary system can also undergo:

Gluconeogenesis

The urinary system’s production of ______ helps regulate blood pressure, and ________ to stimulate RBC production

Renin, erythroprotein

The renal _____ leads to the renal ____.

Hilus, sinus

Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at the ____.

Hilus

The fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection is the:

Renal capsule

The fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall is the:

Adipose capsule

The outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney is the:

Renal fascia

The light colored, granular superficial region is the _____, while the region with cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by columns is the _____.

Cortex, medulla

The medullary pyramid and its surrounding capsule is a:

Lobe

The flat tunnel shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus is the:

Renal pelvis

The large branches of the renal pelvis are the ______. They empty urine into the pelvis and collect urine draining from the ______.

Major calyces, papillae

The nerve supply to the kidneys is via the:

Renal plexus

Which is NOT a part of the nephrons?

Collecting duct

A tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule is:

Glomerulus

Blind, cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus:

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

The glomerulus and its Bowman’s capsule together is called:

Renal corpuscle

The glomerular endothelium is fenestrated epithelium that allows __________ filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule.

solute-rich, protein free

The external parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule is a __________, while the visceral layer consists of _________.

Structural layer, modified branching epithelial podocytes

Extensions of the octopus-like podocytes terminate in:

Foot processes

Openings between the foot processes that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space are:

Filtration slits

The filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule:

Filtration membrane

The filtration membrane is composed of 3 layers:

Fenestrated ednothelium, visceral membrane (podocytes), basement membrane

The structure composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria is the:

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

The hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule is the:

Loop of Henle

The proximal part of the loop of Henle and the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are similar in that they both:

Reabsorb water and solutes from filtrate and secrete substances into it

The thin segment of the loop of Henle is made of ______, while the thick segment is made of _____.

simple squamous, simple cuboidal/columnar

The structure made of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption is the:

Distal convoluted tubule

The distal portion of the distal convoluted tubule nearer to the collecting ducts is the:

Connecting tubules

The two important cell types found in the connecting tubules are the:

Intercalated cells, principal cells

Intercalated cells ________, and principal cells _______.

contain microvilli, do not contain microvili

Intercalated cells maintain ________, while principal cells maintain _______.

acid base balance, water and salt balance

Cortical nephrons are located in the _____ and take up __% of nephrons.

Cortex, 85%

Juxtamedullary nephrons are located in the ________, and have extensive loops of Henle that invade the ______.

Cortex-medulla junction, medulla

______ are involved in the production of concentrated urine

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Every nephron has __ capillary beds. Where do they reside?

2, glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

Each glomerulus is fed by an ______ arteriole, and drained by an ______ arteriole.

Afferent, efferent

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is ______ because arterioles are ________ vessels.

High, high-resistant

________ arterioles have larger diameters than ______ arterioles.

Afferent, efferent

__________ are low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption that cling to renal tubules and empty into the renal venous system

Peritubular beds

The long ,straight efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons are:

Vasa recta

Blood pressure declines from _______ in renal arteries to renal veins.

95 mmHg - 8 mmHg

Resistance in afferent arterioles protects glomeruli from fluctuations in ______.

Systemic blood pressure

Resistance in efferent arterioles reinforces ____ glomerular pressure and ____ hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries.

High, reduces

Where the distal tubule lies against the afferent arteriole is the:

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

The arteriole walls of smooth muscle in the JG apparatus have cells that have secretory granules containing ______, and act as _______.

Renin, mechanoreceptors

The walls of the distal tubule in the JG apparatus function as _______ or _______.

Chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors

The cells that lie in between capillaries of the glomerulus and have phagocytic and contractile properties that influence capillary filtration are:

Mesangial cells

The kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma volume __ times each day.

60

The filtrate the kidneys filter contains all plamsa components except:

Protein

Which is NOT a process of urine formation and adjustment of blood composition?

Tubular reduction-oxidation

The glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because its filtration membrane is:

More permeable

In glomerular filtration, _____ are not filtered and are used to maintain oncotic pressure of the blood.

Plasma proteins

The glomerulus has a higher net filtration pressure (NFP). What is the equation for NFP?

HPg - (OPg + HPc)

The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys is the:

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Which is NOT a factor that governs the filtration rate at the capillary bed?

Active transport molecules

GFR is ________ to the NFP

Directly proportional

If the GFR is too ___, needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine.

High

If the GFR is too ___, everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of.

Low

Which is NOT one of the 3 mechanisms that control and regulate the GFR?

Vesicular regulation

Renal autoregulation has two types of control:

Myogenic & flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback

When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest, renal blood vessels are ___________.

Maximally dilated

Under stress, norepinephrine and epinephrine are released, which causes afferent arterioles to _____ and filtration is ______.

Constrict, inhibited

The renin angiotensin system is triggered when JG cells release renin. Which is the correct pathway for this system?

Renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, aldosterone

Angiotensin II causes mean arterial pressure to ___. As a result, both systemic and glomerular hydrostatic pressures ___.

Rise, rise

Renin release is triggered by:

Receptors of the JG cells or Angiotensin II

Vasodilators that are produced in response to sympathetic stimulation and angiotensin II, and are thought to prevent renal damage when peripheral resistance is increase:

Prostaglandins (PGE2 & PGI2)

Vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium

Nitric oxide

Vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature:

Adenosine

A powerful vasoconstrictor secreted by tubule cells

Endothelin

A transepithelial process whereby most tubule contents are returned to the blood:

Tubular reabsorption

In tubular reabsorption, transported substances move through three membranes:

Luminal and basolateral membranes of tubule cells, endothelium of peritubular capillaries

Which is NOT reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption via paracellular pathways?

Zn

Substances reabsorbed in PCT include:

Na, all nutrients, cations, anions, water, urea, small proteins

Loop of Henle reabsorbs _____ in the descending limb, ______ in the ascending limb

Water, Na, Cl, K, in the descending, Ca, Mg, Na in the ascending

DCT absorbs:

Ca, Na, H, K, HCO3, Cl

Collecting ducts absorbs:

Water and urea

Water and ion reabsorption is _______ controlled.

Hormonally

Sodium (Na+) reabsorption is almost always by ______ transport by a _____ ATPase pump

Active, Na-K

In tubular reabsorption, Na moves to peritubular capillaries due to:

Low hydrostatic pressure, high osmotic pressure of blood

Active pumping of Na drives the reabsorption of:

Water, cations, fat-soluble substances, organic nutrients

For sodium reabsorption, passive entry is by the:

Na-K ATPase pump

For sodium reabsorption in the PCT:

Facilitated diffusion using symport and antiport carriers

For sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle:

Facilitated diffusion via Na-K-2Cl symport system

For sodium reabsorption in the DCT:

Na-Cl symporter

For sodium reabsorption in the collecting tubules:

Diffusion through membrane pores

Which is NOT one of the nonreabsorbed substances?

Eythrocytes

The value that reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubules is the:

Transport maximum (T_m)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood Na, which in turn ____ blood volume and _____ blood pressure

Decreases, lowers

Which is NOT one of the ways ANP lowers blood Na?

Binding to Na molecules in glomerulus

The process that is the reverse of tubular reabsorption, where unwanted or excess substances move from peritubular capillaries to the filtrate is:

Tubular secretion