Nutrition Exam 3

What would you recommend for a pregnant patient with nausea? Heartburn? Constipation?

Crackers before getting out of bed in the morning can help with vomiting and nausea. Hot water and lemon can help with constipation. Small, spaced out meals can help with heartburn.

Calorie needs during pregnancy, by trimester and for breastfeeding

- Caloric needs are the same during first trimester. Caloric needs increase by about 300-340 calories per day during the second trimester, 450 calories during the third, and breastfeeding women need an additional 500 calories.

What foods should be avoided during pregnancy and why

- Avoid raw fish and lunch meat, as they can put you at risk for food-borne illnesses. You can eat seafood as long as it doesn’t have high amounts of mercury in it.

Herbal supplements during pregnancy

There is not enough research for a nurse to say they can help or harm the mother and baby.

Weight gain guidelines during pregnancy

Weight gain recommendations vary by pre-pregnancy BMI: 25-35 pounds for normal weight, 28-40 for underweight, and 15-25 for overweight.

Prenatal supplements

Prenatal vitamins typically contain folic acid, iron, calcium, and DHA to support fetal development and maternal health.

Iron and calcium needs during pregnancy

- Pregnant women need 27mg of iron and 1000mg of calcium per day to support the increased blood volume and fetal bone development.

Recs for alcohol, caffeine, non-nutritivie sweeteners and seafood

Avoid alcohol entirely; limit caffeine to 300mg/day; some non-nutritive sweeteners are considered safe; choose low-mercury seafood.

PICA

- PICA is a craving for non-food items that can occur during pregnancy and may signify a nutritional deficiency.

Breastfeeding guidelines and benefits

- Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months, and at 6-12 months is still recommended to be continued while also adding in complementary foods.

Choose a healthy meal for pregnant women

A healthy meal includes lean protein (e.g., chicken or beans), whole grains (e.g., brown rice), plenty of fruits and vegetables, and healthy fats.

Risks associated with excessive GWG (gestational weight gain)

Excessive gestational weight gain can lead to complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and increased risk of cesarean delivery.

Deficiencies prevalent in a female adolescent’s diet are…

- Common deficiencies include iron, calcium, and vitamin D due to inadequate dietary intake during growth spurts.

How do we feel about putting a pre-pubescent teen girl on a diet?

- It is generally not recommended to put pre-pubescent teens on restrictive diets, as it may lead to disordered eating. Focus on healthy habits instead.

Who needs more calories? Adolescents or fully grown adults?

Adolescents typically need more calories than fully grown adults due to growth spurts and increased physical activity.

Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by the intake of too much, what (milk)

- Excessive intake of cow's milk can lead to iron deficiency anemia by causing gastrointestinal bleeding and reducing iron absorption.

When should solid foods be introduced to babies/infants?

- Solid foods should be introduced around 6 months of age when infants show signs of readiness, such as sitting up and showing interest in food.

How much juice should children have, at most?

- Limit juice intake to no more than 4-6 ounces (half a cup) per day for children to prevent excessive calorie intake and ensure balanced nutrition.

What is a great first food to introduce around 6 months?

- A great first food to introduce around 6 months is iron-fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk or formula, or pureed vegetables.

When to start whole milk? Low Fat milk?

Whole milk can be introduced at 12 months; low-fat milk is recommended after age 2, depending on the child's growth needs.

Benefits of breastfeeding vs. some concerns of formula feeding

Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition, antibodies, and bonding benefits but may be challenging for some women due to physical discomfort or work. It allows for more absorption than formula of these things.

Vitamin supplement needed for breast fed babies

Breastfed babies need a daily vitamin D supplement of 400 IU to prevent deficiency.

Choking hazards

Common choking hazards include whole grapes, nuts, popcorn, and hard candies; cut food into small, manageable pieces for toddlers.

Serving sizes for ages 1-4

Serving sizes vary, but a general guideline is 1 tablespoon of each food per year of age, increasing variety with balanced nutrition.

Important practices for families, especially for teens

Encourage family meals, open communication about nutrition, and promote physical activity as key components for healthy lifestyle habits.

How many days to wait before introducing a new food to an infant?

- Wait at least 3 days before introducing a new food to monitor for potential allergic reactions.

Why is it not a good practice to put baby to bed with a bottle?

Putting a baby to bed with a bottle increases the risk of tooth decay and ear infections.

Choose a healthy meal for a children’s hospital and health system inc.

- A nutritious meal includes grilled chicken, steamed broccoli, quinoa, and fruit for dessert to promote health in pediatric settings.

At 6 months of age, what feeding skill should a child have?

- At 6 months, a child should have developed the skill of being able to sit up and self-feed with their fingers.

Long term risks of adolescent obesity?

- Long term risks include increased likelihood of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological issues related to body image.

Nutritional value of formula vs. breast milk-formula has higher “nutritional content” but breast milk has much higher bioavailability of those nutrients

While formula is designed to meet infant nutritional needs with higher levels of certain nutrients, breast milk ensures better absorption and provides immunological factors.

Babies are excellent at letting us know when they are hungry and full and we should listen to them and not force feed.

- Responsive feeding allows infants to self-regulate hunger cues, promoting healthy eating habits later in life.

vitamin that would help prevent fractures

- Vitamin D, in combination with adequate calcium, helps prevent fractures by promoting bone health.

Liberalized diet plan for elderly patients vs. the only time a diet should be adhered to

- A liberalized diet allows for flexibility; strict dietary adherence is only necessary for conditions like diabetes or heart disease.

B12 sources other than meat-fortified cereal

- Vegetarian sources of B12 include fortified plant-based milks, nutritional yeast, and certain fortified soy products.

Fluid intake for older patients

Older adults should aim for about 6-8 cups of fluids a day, adjusting as necessary for health conditions and physical activity.

Protein needs for older adults 1.0-1.2 g/kg

Older adults require 1.0 to 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight to support muscle maintenance and overall health.

Best way to alleviate concerns with osteoarthritis

- Incorporating low-impact exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and consuming anti-inflammatory foods can help alleviate osteoarthritis concerns.

Pressure ulcers - what macronutrient helps with healing?

Protein is essential for healing pressure ulcers, as it supports tissue repair and immune function.

Highest risk of malnutrition for an elderly client is when they report loss of appetite

- Loss of appetite in elderly clients can indicate serious health issues and increases their risk for malnutrition.

choose a healthy meal for an elderly patient

- A healthy meal for elderly patients includes soft-cooked vegetables, lean protein such as fish, whole grains, and creamy soups for hydration.

Shortfall vitamins for this age group: Ca, Vit D, Bit E, potassium and magnesium

Common shortfall vitamins and minerals include calcium, vitamin D, vitamin E, potassium, and magnesium, often limited in older adults' diets.

Risk factors nutritionally for a patient with alzenheimer’s disease

Nutritional risk factors for patients with Alzheimer’s include difficulty swallowing, decreased appetite, and changes in taste and smell.

Malnutrition screening tool-unintentional weight loss

The malnutrition screening tool often includes questions about unintentional weight loss and food intake to identify at-risk individuals.

MIND diet and mediterranean diet-components and benefits

The MIND diet, a hybrid of the Mediterranean and DASH diets, emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats to enhance brain health. The mind diet helps the mind and alzenheimer’s disease. It has high amounts of leafy green vegetables and fish.

Types of exercise benefits to the elderly-balance and stretching.

Balance and stretching exercises help improve mobility, prevent falls, and maintain flexibility in elderly individuals.