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upstream reciprocity
passing benefits on to third parties instead of returning benefits to one’s benefactors (pay it forward)
prosocial behavior
doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole
rule of law
when members of a society (including its most powerful leaders) respect and follow its rules
reciprocity
the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us
gratitude
a positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person
norms
standards established by society to tell its members what types of behavior are typical or expected
equity
the idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes
equality
the idea that everyone gets the same amount, regardless of what he or she contributes
sensitivity about being the target of a threatenin upward comparison
interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others
underbenefited
getting less than you deserve
overbenefited
getting more than you deserve
direct reciprocity
paying back the same person
generalized reciprocity
performing a similar act towards just anyone
moral reasoning
using logical deductions to make moral judgements based on abstract principles of right and wrong
moral intuitions
judgements (about whether an action is right or wrong) that occur automatically and rely on emotional feelings
cooperation
working together with someone fur mutual or reciprocal benefit
prisoner’s dilemma
a game that forces people to choose between cooperation and competition
altruistic punishment
many people will accept costs in order to punish someone else who breaks the rules
no-zero-sum game
an interaction in which both particiapnts can win (or lose) [the prisoner’s dilemma]
zero-sum games
a situation in which ine person’s gain is another’s loss
forgiveness
ceasing to feel angry toward and seek retribution against someone who has wronged you
obedience
following orders from an authority figure
conformity
going along with the crowd
trust
a confidence that others will provide benefits and/or not harm you, even if they may be temped to do otherwise
kin selection
the volutionary tendency to help people who have our genes
empathy
reactin gto another person’s emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state
egotistic helping
when a helper seeks to increase his or her own welfare by helping another
altruistic helping
when a helper seeks to increase another’s welfare and expects nothing in return
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that empathy motivates people ot reduce other people’s distress, as by helping or comforting
belief in a just world
the assumption that life is essentially fair, that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get
bystander effect
the finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone
pluralistic ignorance
looking to others for cues about how to behave, while they are looking to you; collective misinterpretation
diffusion of responsibility
the reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present
audience inhibition
failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one’s offer of help is rejected
volunteering
a planned, long-term, non-impulsive decision to help others