Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing What's Best for Others

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35 Terms

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upstream reciprocity

passing benefits on to third parties instead of returning benefits to one’s benefactors (pay it forward)

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prosocial behavior

doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole

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rule of law

when members of a society (including its most powerful leaders) respect and follow its rules

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reciprocity

the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us

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gratitude

a positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person

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norms

standards established by society to tell its members what types of behavior are typical or expected

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equity

the idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes

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equality

the idea that everyone gets the same amount, regardless of what he or she contributes

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sensitivity about being the target of a threatenin upward comparison

interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others

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underbenefited

getting less than you deserve

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overbenefited

getting more than you deserve

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direct reciprocity

paying back the same person

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generalized reciprocity

performing a similar act towards just anyone

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moral reasoning

using logical deductions to make moral judgements based on abstract principles of right and wrong

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moral intuitions

judgements (about whether an action is right or wrong) that occur automatically and rely on emotional feelings

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cooperation

working together with someone fur mutual or reciprocal benefit

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prisoner’s dilemma

a game that forces people to choose between cooperation and competition

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altruistic punishment

many people will accept costs in order to punish someone else who breaks the rules

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no-zero-sum game

an interaction in which both particiapnts can win (or lose) [the prisoner’s dilemma]

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zero-sum games

a situation in which ine person’s gain is another’s loss

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forgiveness

ceasing to feel angry toward and seek retribution against someone who has wronged you

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obedience

following orders from an authority figure

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conformity

going along with the crowd

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trust

a confidence that others will provide benefits and/or not harm you, even if they may be temped to do otherwise

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kin selection

the volutionary tendency to help people who have our genes

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empathy

reactin gto another person’s emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state

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egotistic helping

when a helper seeks to increase his or her own welfare by helping another

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altruistic helping

when a helper seeks to increase another’s welfare and expects nothing in return

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empathy-altruism hypothesis

the idea that empathy motivates people ot reduce other people’s distress, as by helping or comforting

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belief in a just world

the assumption that life is essentially fair, that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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bystander effect

the finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone

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pluralistic ignorance

looking to others for cues about how to behave, while they are looking to you; collective misinterpretation

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diffusion of responsibility

the reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present

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audience inhibition

failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one’s offer of help is rejected

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volunteering

a planned, long-term, non-impulsive decision to help others