Chapter 11

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28 Terms

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Personality

One’s characteristic pattern of behaving, thinking, feeling, attitudes, temperament, ideology, beliefs.

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Personality Disorder

A type of mental disorder where individuals experience a rigid, dysfunctional, and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning, and behaving.

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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Freud proposed three levels of consciousness - Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious.

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Id

Contains life and death instincts, operates on the pleasure principle, and is the source of libido.

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Ego

The rational part of personality that mediates between the id and superego, operates on the reality principle.

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Superego

Moral system of personality formed around ages 5-6, judges behavior based on past experiences.

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Defense Mechanisms

Used by the ego to maintain self-esteem and defend against anxiety.

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

Developmental stages involving erogenous zones and conflicts, can lead to fixations if not resolved.

<p>Developmental stages involving erogenous zones and conflicts, can lead to fixations if not resolved.</p>
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Neo-Freudians

Adler:Alfred Adler focused on the drive to overcome feelings of inferiority and unity of personality.

Horney:Karen Horney emphasized the need to overcome irrational beliefs about perfection and focused on feminine psychology.

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OCEAN

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Humanistic Theories

Maslow:Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs with self-actualization as the highest need.

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Humanistic Theories

Carl Rogers:Carl Rogers introduced conditions of worth and person-centered therapy.

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Trait Theories

Allport:Gordon Allport proposed cardinal and central traits to explain personality differences.

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Trait Theories

Cattell:Raymond Cattell identified surface and source traits to understand personality.

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Five-Factor Model

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa's model includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

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Genetics in the Development of Traits

Behavioral genetic theory asserts that heredity plays a significant role in individual differences.

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Personality and Culture

Cultural factors influence personality development, with individualist and collectivist cultures emphasizing different values.

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Social-Cognitive Theory

Personality is influenced by learned behaviors acquired through interactions with others.

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Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Model

Internal, environmental, and behavioral variables interact to influence personality.

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Personality Assessment

Methods include observation, interviews, rating scales, and personality inventories like MMPI, CPI, and Myers-Briggs.

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Projective Tests

Rorschach Inkblot Methods

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Hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow)

physiological needs> Safety needs> Belonging and Love Needs> Esteem Needs> Need for self actualization

<p>physiological needs&gt; Safety needs&gt; Belonging and Love Needs&gt; Esteem Needs&gt; Need for self actualization</p>
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Exner's Comprehensive System

  • (1993) developed the comprehensive system for scoring

    • provides normative data for comparison of responses

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Components of Language

phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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Projective Tests

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

  • consist of inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situation, or incomplete sentences

  • no correct or incorrect responses

  • the subject projects their inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials

  • include Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test

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Critics of Projective Tests

  • The test relies too heavily on the interpretation of the examiner

  • Responses may reflect temporary states and may not indicate more permanents aspects of personality

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Freud’s Defense Mechanisms

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