CHEM 151 Exam I Vocabulary Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering foundational concepts, formulas, metric prefixes, atomic structure, periodic table charges, and polyatomic ions for CHEM 151 Exam I.

Hypothesis

A testable proposed explanation/prediction.

Theory

A well-supported explanation backed by extensive evidence.

Scientific Law

A description of a consistent natural phenomenon/pattern.

Element

A pure substance containing one type of atom.

Compound

A substance containing two or more different elements chemically bonded.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is uniform in composition.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is non-uniform in composition.

Physical Property

A property that can be observed without changing chemical identity.

Chemical Property

A substance's ability to undergo a chemical change.

Physical Change

A change that does not create a new substance.

Chemical Change

A change that produces one or more new substances.

Accuracy

Closeness to the accepted value.

Precision

Closeness of measurements to each other.

Kelvin Temperature Formula

$$K = \text{°C} + 273.15$$

kilo- (k)

Metric prefix representing $10^3$.

centi- (c)

Metric prefix representing $10^{-2}$.

milli- (m)

Metric prefix representing $10^{-3}$.

micro- (\mu)

Metric prefix representing $10^{-6}$.

nano- (n)

Metric prefix representing $10^{-9}$.

Proton Charge

$$+1$$

Neutron Charge

$$0$$

Electron Charge

$$-1$$

Nucleus

The region in an atom where protons and neutrons are located.

Electron Cloud

The region in an atom where electrons are located.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom, which determines the identity of an element.

Mass Number

The sum of protons plus neutrons in an atom.

Neutron Calculation

$$\text{Mass number} - \text{atomic number}$$

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Seven Diatomic Elements

$H_2$, $N_2$, $O_2$, $F_2$, $Cl_2$, $Br_2$, $I_2$

Nitrate

$$NO_3^-$$

Nitrite

$$NO_2^-$$

Carbonate

$$CO_3^{2-}$$

Bicarbonate

$$HCO_3^-$$

Phosphate

$$PO_4^{3-}$$

Hydrogen phosphate

$$HPO_4^{2-}$$

Cyanide

$$CN^-$$

Hydroxide

$$OH^-$$

Sulfate

$$SO_4^{2-}$$

Sulfite

$$SO_3^{2-}$$

Bisulfate

$$HSO_4^-$$

Perchlorate

$$ClO_4^-$$

Chlorate

$$ClO_3^-$$

Chlorite

$$ClO_2^-$$

Hypochlorite

$$ClO^-$$

Acetate

$$C_2H_3O_2^-$$

Ammonium

$$NH_4^+$$

Inch to Centimeter Conversion Factor

$$1\,\text{inch} = 2.54\,\text{cm}\text{ (exact)}$$

Kilogram to Pound Conversion Factor

$$1\,\text{kg} = 2.205\,\text{lbs}$$

Liter to Quart Conversion Factor

$$1\,\text{L} = 1.06\,\text{quarts}$$

Gallon to Quart Conversion Factor

$$4\,\text{quarts} = 1\,\text{gallon}$$

Milliliter to Cubic Centimeter Conversion Factor

$$1\,\text{mL} = 1\,\text{cm}^3$$