Biology Q3 Test Review

What is an organic compound?

A compound that contains carbon and usually hydrogen.

What is NOT considered an organic compound?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is not considered an organic compound.

What is an isomer?

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements.

Examples of isomers

Glucose and fructose.

What are the functional groups in organic compounds?

Hydroxyl (OH), Amino (NH₂), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (C=O-OH), Phosphate (PO₄), Methyl (CH₃).

What are the four macromolecule groups?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

What elements make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

What is the simplest form of a carbohydrate?

Monosaccharide, example: Glucose.

What is an example of a disaccharide?

Sucrose, made by linking two monosaccharides via dehydration reaction.

What is an example of a polysaccharide for plants?

Starch.

What is an example of a polysaccharide for animals?

Glycogen.

What is hydrolysis?

The breaking of molecules using water.

What is a dehydration reaction?

The joining of molecules by removing water.

How can you recognize enzymes?

Most enzyme names end in '-ase'.

What elements make up lipids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.

What makes up a fat molecule?

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

What are the two types of fats?

Saturated fats (no double bonds) and Unsaturated fats (at least one double bond).

What is hydrogenation?

The process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

What is a trans fat?

A partially hydrogenated fat that is unhealthy.

Why do fats float on water?

They are hydrophobic and less dense than water.

What are phospholipids?

Lipids that form cell membranes.

What are the parts of phospholipids?

Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tails.

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A double-layer structure that forms cell membranes.

What are steroids?

Lipids that act as messenger molecules (hormones), with cholesterol as the base molecule.

What are proteins made of?

Amino acids (there are 20 important ones).

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.

What is a peptide bond?

The bond that links amino acids together in proteins.

What can denature a protein?

Heat, pH changes, and salt concentration.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Five-carbon sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base.

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).

What replaces thymine in RNA?

Uracil (U).

What are the base-pairing rules in DNA?

A-T and C-G.