2 - Klein - Horney - Fromm - Sullivan - Erikson

Melanie Klein

Object Relations Theory

Melanie Klein

Vienna

4

Born in _______in 1892, the youngest of ____ children

Melanie Klein

She had neither a PhD nor an MD degree but became an analyst by being psychoanalyzed

Melanie Klein

was psychoanalyzed by her son Erich

Melanie Klein

Had a bitter rivalry with Anna Freud and her daughter Melitta

Internalizations

When object relations theorists speak of internalizations, they mean that the person takes in (introjects) aspects of the external world and then organizes those introjections into a psychologically meaningful framework.

Internalizations

the process where infants mentally represent and incorporate external caregivers and their attributes into their own psyche, forming "internal objects"

Ego

One's sense of self

inferiority and guilt

terror

The more mature superego produces feelings of ________________ but the early superego produces not guilt but _________.

harsh and cruel

Compared to Freud, Klein believed that the superego is more _________________.

Oedipus Complex

children's fear of retaliation from their parent for their fantasy of emptying the parent's body

Oedipus complex

She hypothesized that during its early stages, the ______________ serves the same need for both genders, that is, to establish a positive attitude with the good or gratifying object (breast or penis) and to avoid the bad or terrifying object (breast or penis).

homosexual and heterosexual

Children are capable of both ___________________relations with both parents.

Karen Horney

Psychoanalytic Social Theory proponent

basic anxiety

horney

the feeling of being alone and helpless in a hostile world

basic anxiety

it is not neurosis in itself, however, it can be the "soil" that nurtures neurosis that may develop

Erich Fromm

Humanistic Psychoanalysis

Erich Fromm

Emphasizes the influence of sociobiological factors, history, economics, and class structure

Erich Fromm

believed that the rise of capitalism has contributed to feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness

basic anxiety

fromm

Assumes that humanity's separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a condition called

basic anxiety

People with ____________ suffer from the burden of freedom, and express their anxiety through moving away from people.

Human Dilemma

people experience this basic dilemma because they have become separate from nature and yet have the capacity to be aware of themselves as isolated beings.

reason

human dilemma - erich fromm

people have been torn away from a union with nature, and lacking adequate animal instincts, they must rely on _________.

▪ Life and Death

▪ Humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of complete self-realization, but we also are aware that life is too short to reach that goal.

▪ People are ultimately alone, yet we cannot tolerate isolation.

Existential Dichotomies

Relatedness

Transcendence

Rootedness

Sense of Self

Frame of Orientation

Fromm's Human Needs

Relatedness

the drive for union with another person or other persons.

Relatedness

▪ Submission

▪ Power

▪ Love

Transendence

the urge to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into "the realm of purposefulness and freedom"

Malignant aggression

under transcendence

to kill for reasons other than the need for survival.

Rootedness

the need to establish roots or to feel at home again in the world.

Sense of Identity

the capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity.

Frame of Orientation

enables people to organize the various stimuli that impinge on them.

Necrophilia

Malignant Narcissism

Moral Hypochondriasis

Incestuous Symbiosi

Personality Disorders (Fromm)

Necrophilia

hate humanity; they are racists, warmongers, and bullies; they love bloodshed, destruction, terror, and torture; and they delight in destroying life.

Malignant Narcissism

in its malignant form, narcissism impedes the perception of reality so that everything belonging to a narcissistic person is highly valued and everything belonging to another is devalued

Malignant Narcissism

devalue that which belongs to others while overvaluing that which they possess.

Moral Hypochondriasis

preoccupied with guilt.

Moral Hypochondriasis

an unhealthy preoccupation with one's own virtues and moral perfection, rather than focusing on genuine self-realization or connection with others.

malignant narcissism

profound inability to care for others and a belief in their own inherent superiority, leading to a lack of guilt or remorse for their cruel actions.

Harry Stack Sullivan

Interpersonal Theory proponent

Interpersonal Theory

people and their interpersonal relationships. An individual's personality is developed within a social context, without other people, or without interpersonal relationships with other people, then personality cannot be formed.

Interpersonal Theory

Harry Stack Sullivan

"Everyone is much more simply human than unique."

Interpersonal Theory

personality and mental health are shaped by social interactions and relationships, rather than innate drives, and that psychological problems arise from failed interpersonal connections

Anxiety

Unlike needs, dealing with ______ can be vague because there is no defined action for it to be relieved.

empathy

Anxiety is transferred from parents to the infant through the process of _____________.

anxiety

chief disruptive force blocking the development of healthy interpersonal relations

Intimacy

characterized by having a close interpersonal relationship with someone that is of equal status.

This dynamism facilitates interpersonal development, and it decreases anxiety and loneliness.

Eidetic Personifications

These are unrealistic traits that children project onto others or to their imaginary friends, to protect their self-esteem.

Eidetic Personifications

These imaginary friends enable the child to have a safe and secure relationship with another person

sullivan

developmental epoch/stages

Late Adolescence

15 onwards

Lover

Significant Others of Late Adolescence

Fusion of intimacy and lust

Interpersonal Process of Late Adolescence

Important Learnings of Late Adolescence

Discovery of self and the world outside of self

Adulthood

Late adolescence culminates once a person is able to establish a love relationship with a significant other, and marks the beginning of adulthood. Sullivan did not elaborate this stage because a mature individual does not fall within the scope of psychiatry, they have achieved maturity, and the capacity to love and are not in need of counselling.

erik erikson

Post-freudian theory

ego by erikson

It is a positive force that builds our self-identity, a sense of individuality.

childhood

erikson

The ego is weak during ______, but as we reach adolescence, the ego begins to take a form and gain strength.

social structure

To Erikson, the ego develops within a _______________

Epigenetic Principle

development follows a step-by-step process.

1. Epigenetic Principle

2. Interactions of Opposites

3. Ego Strength

understanding psychosocial development

Ego Strength

The clash between the syntonic and dystonic experiences in each stage produces __________________, which can also be called basic strength.

Interactions of Opposites

: Each stage has a conflict composed of syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element.

Interactions of Opposites

syntonic (harmonious) element and

a dystonic (disruptive) element.

A person should experience both of these in every stage to develop gain basic strength.

trust vs. mistrust (0-1)

hope

withdrawal

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of infancy

autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3)

will

compulsion

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of early childhood

intiative vs. guilt (3-5)

purpose

inhibition

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of play age

industry vs. inferiority (6-12)

competence

inertia

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of school age

identity vs role confusion (13-19)

fidelity

role repudiation

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of adolescence

intimacy vs isolation (19-30)

love

exclusivity

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of young adulthood

generativity vs. stagnation (31-60)

care

rejectivity

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of adulthood

ego integrity vs. despair (61+)

wisdom

disdain

crisis/age

basic strength/value and core pathology of old age