Test 3 - Japanese Internment

What does Japanese Internment refer to?

The forced removal and imprisonment of over 110,000 people of Japanese descent, mostly American citizens, by the U.S. government during World War II.

What was the primary motivation behind Japanese Internment?

Wartime hysteria and racial prejudice, occurring without due process based solely on ethnicity.

What was Executive Order 9066?

An order issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to designate military areas from which any or all persons could be excluded, providing the legal framework for Japanese American internment.

What was the purpose of Executive Order 9102?

To formally establish the War Relocation Authority (WRA), responsible for the administration and management of internment camps for Japanese Americans.

What were the responsibilities of the War Relocation Authority?

To manage the forced relocation and detention of Japanese Americans, including building and operating internment camps and providing basic necessities.

What was Proclamation No. 4?

A proclamation issued on March 27, 1942, prohibiting all alien Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry from leaving designated Military Area No. 1, facilitating the forced removal.

What did Exclusion Order No. 34 mandate?

It targeted all persons of Japanese ancestry in a defined area of Alameda County, California, mandating their exclusion by May 9, 1942, with penalties for non-compliance.

What was the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952?

An Act that revised U.S. immigration law, repealing discriminatory measures against Asian immigrants and reflecting a shift away from exclusionary policies.

What was Executive Order 13769?

A 2017 order issued by President Trump that temporarily banned entry to the U.S. from several predominantly Muslim countries, facing controversy over allegations of religious discrimination.

What was the outcome of Executive Order 13780?

A revised order addressing legal challenges while still restricting entry from certain countries based on national security concerns.

What did Proclamation 9645 impose?

Travel restrictions on nationals from several countries, facing legal challenges related to the Establishment Clause.

What does the Fifth Amendment guarantee?

That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without fair legal procedures, which many argued was violated during Japanese Internment.

How does wartime affect constitutional interpretations?

It can lead to tensions between national security and individual liberties, with the Supreme Court historically showing deference to governmental authority.

What is the Establishment Clause?

A clause in the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing a religion, relevant in later cases involving allegations of discrimination.

What powers does the U.S. Constitution grant the President?

Specific powers including serving as Commander-in-Chief and the authority to issue executive orders, exemplified by Executive Order 9066.

What was the ruling in Hirabayashi v. U.S. (1943)?

The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Gordon Hirabayashi for violating a curfew order targeting Japanese Americans, accepting the government's military necessity argument.

What was the significance of Ex Parte Endo (1944)?

The Supreme Court ruled that the government could not detain loyal American citizens of Japanese descent indefinitely, leading to the end of exclusion orders.

What was the outcome of Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)?

The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Fred Korematsu for defying a military order excluding Japanese Americans, affirming the constitutionality of wartime internment.

What did the Supreme Court decide in Trump v. Hawaii (2018)?

The Court upheld Presidential Proclamation 9645, finding that the President acted within his authority and that the proclamation did not violate the Establishment Clause.

What do the cases of Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Endo illustrate?

The complex interplay between national security concerns, individual liberties, and constitutional interpretations during times of crisis.

What shift in judicial perspective is seen in later cases compared to earlier ones regarding executive authority?

Earlier cases like Hirabayashi and Korematsu show greater deference to government power, while later cases like Ex Parte Endo and Trump v. Hawaii highlight ongoing debates about civil rights protections.