The Spanish Empire and Absolute Monarchs

What is absolutism?

the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dicator

What is a doctrine?

belief/statement of beliefs had and taught by a church

What is sovereignty?

complete power/authority

What is vested?

secure in the possession of

What does secular mean?

outside of a religion

What were French Protestants called?

Huguenots

What did the French King do between 1562 and 1598?

banned all Protestant religions in France, leading to tension/fighting

When was the Edict of Nantes?

1598

What did the Edict of Nantes do?

granted religious freedom to Protestants in most parts of France

How did the Spanish Empire begin?

the union between Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469

What was the Spanish Empire known as?

Castile Empire

one of the most powerful empires of the early modern period becoming the first empire known as “_______________________” and reached its maximum extent in the 18th century

The Empire on which the Sun never sets

What was Granada?

Muslim territory on mainland Europe

What system did the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella I implement to control Granada?

encomienda

Who was land granted to under encomienda?

a noble family

What is Encomienda?

method of land control and distribution based upon vassal ties

What did Spain do after the fall of Granada?

began efforts to take Muslim territories in Africa

Both Spain and Portugal made claims to islands off the coast of Africa. What were these islands called?

Canary Islands

What are the 3 reasons the Canary Islands are significant?

• great for growing sugarcane

• slavery

• plantation system develops

What is discovered in the Gulf of Guinea?

gold

When was gold discovered?

1471

Who attacked who at the War of the Castilian Succession?

Spain attacks Portugal

When did the War of the Castilian Succession occur?

1475-1479

Why did Spain attack Portugal?

Spain wants what Portugal has

Who won? Spain or Portugal?

Portugal

How was the Catholic Church involved at the War of the Castilian Succession?

makes the 2 sides go to peace and makes the 2 form an alliance

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

divides the world

Do non-Catholics follow the Treaty of Tordesillas?

no

Hernan Cortes 1520-1530

conquered the Aztec’s, founded Mexico

Fransisco Pizarro 1520-1530

explored South America, conquered the Incas

Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1509-1519

discovered the Pacific Ocean

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca 1540s

explored South America

Juan Ponce de Leon 1490s-1521

found Puerto Rico, explored southeastern part of the US

Hernando de Soto 1520-1530s

explored through the southeastern United States

In what ways was Spain was able to quickly enrich itself with the resources from the Americas?

1. gold and silver

2. sugar colonies

What is Evangelism?

the spreading of Christian gospel by preaching

Why did Phillip assemble such a large naval force or armada?

to invade England and dethrone Elizabeth

Was Spain able to hide its building of such a large navy and plans to invade England?

no

When did both fleets meet and fight their naval battle?

July of 1588

Why was England able to defeat the Spanish Armada?

they developed long-range canons and they had an early warning system

What did inflation do to the Spanish currency?

devaines it

What happened to the price goods in Spain and its colonies?

increased dramatically

Did the wealthy pay their fair share of taxes?

no

Who had to pay the wealthy’s unfair share of taxes?

the lower class

What else did Spain spend large sums of money on?

exploration, wars, unnecessary things

What is divine right?

suggested that a ruler is divinely chosen and given complete authority to govern directly from God

What were absolutisms advantages?

allows for quicker decisions to be made, made law making easier and quicker, and allowed for long-term goals to planned and met

What were absolutisms disadvantages?

it does not involve a democratic process, creates and excess of fame, involves a leader not chosen by the people

Absolute Monarchy

a country has a ruler who holds absolute power and makes all decisions without any input from the citizens. The ruler’s authority is usually inherited through a royal family line

Theocracy

in a nation, religious leaders have significant influence over the government. Laws are based on the principles of a specific religion, and religious figures often hold key political positions

Republic (this is what the US is)

citizens of a country elect representatives to serve in a parliament or congress. These elected officials make decisions on behalf of the people and create laws that impact the nation.

Oligarchy

a country is governed by a small, powerful elite group, usually consisting of wealthy individuals or members of a specific social class. This groups holds the majority of political influence and controls most decisions.

Constitutional Monarchy (this is what England has now)

in a country, a king or queen is the head of state, but their powers are limited by a constitution or set of laws

Democracy (the US also has this on the state level)

in a society, citizens directly participate in decision-making on important issues. They attend regular meetings where they voice their opinions and vote to reach a consensus on matters that affect their society

Autocracy

in a country, a single ruler possess absolute power and authority over the nation. The ruler’s decisions are not subject to any checks or balances, and there is no participation from the citizens in the decision making process.

When did King Louis XIII rule France?

1601-1643

Why was Cardinal Richelieu important to King Louis XIII?

ruled by proxy through Louis XIII. Expanded power of monarchy and limited Huguenots political and military. Had a network of spies to uncover and crunch possible noble conspiracies.

Is King Louis XIII an example of one of the first absolute monarchs?

no

What did King Louis XIII help introduce?

the wig to men’s fashion

When did King Louis XIV rule France?

1643-1715

By what nickname was King Louis XIV known as?

the Sun king

What did King Louis XIV declare?

“I am the state.”

Was King Louis XIV Protestant or Catholic?

Catholic

What famous palace did King Louis XIV build?

Palace of Versailles

When did Queen Elizabeth I rule?

1558-1603

Who were Queen Elizabeth I’s parents?

King Henry 8 and Anne Boylin

What was Queen Elizabeth I known as? Why?

the virgin queen because she never married and never had any kids

Whose armada was defeated when Queen Elizabeth was queen?

Spanish

When did King James I rule?

1603-1625

What did King James I say about divine right?

“Kings are called gods because they sit upon God’s throne on Earth.”

What book did King James I have translated from Latin to English?

KJV translation of the Bible

King James I united the thrones of which two countries?

Scotland and England

When did Charles I rule?

1625-1649

What did Charles I think of the British Parliament?

he did not like them

Did Charles I follow the rules or decisions of the Parliament?

no

Did Charles I believe in the Divine Right of Kings? If so, do you think he thought he should listen to Parliament?

yes

What does Oliver Cromwell do from 1649-1658?

disbanded Parliament and became military dictator

When does Charles II rule?

1660-1685

What happens in England and London while Charles II is king?

Anglican Church is restored

What dog is named for Charles II?

King Charles Spaniel?

What is the Glorious Revolution?

permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England - shifted from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy

Does the Glorious Revolution end the “Divine Right” of Kings in England?

yes

When was the 30 Years’ War?

1618-1648

What was the 30 Years War about?

a conflict over religion and territory among European ruling families

The 30 Years War was fought mostly in ______________

central Europe

How many people died in the 30 Years War?

4.5-8 million dead

Who was on which side during the Seven Years War?

England and Prussia vs. France, Russia, and Austria

Who were the biggest conflicts during the Seven Years War?

North America and India

Who wins the Seven Years War?

The British

What happens to France as a result of the Seven Years War?

French lost nearly all holdings in NA to Great Britain

Is the Seven Years War considered the world’s first World War?

yes

What does the conflict lead to in North America?

the formation of the United States

Hired by England’s Parliament to defeat King Charles I, became a military dictator

Oliver Cromwell

Absolute ruler of England from 1558-1603, stabilized the nation and expanded British territory

Queen Elizabeth I

Spanish king and Catholic who wanted Elizabeth removed from the English throne

Phillip II of Spain

Ruled France from 1643 to 1715, refused to consult with the novles, had Versailles built, and was known as the Sun King, declared “I am the state”

Louis XIV

Ruled Russia from 1689-1725 and ushered in an age of modernization bringing in Western European ideas

Peter the Great

Ruled England from 1660-1685 following the Restoration of the monarchy, a breed of spaniel is named for him

Charles II

Began the Stuart line of English kings, ruled 1603-1625 and had the Bible translated from Latin into English

James I of England

First Russian absolute ruler to take the title of czar, crushed the power of Russian boyars

Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible