Chapter 20: Drug Therapy for Diabetes

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts about diabetes, its types, treatments, and nursing implications as outlined in Chapter 20.

What are the two hormones produced by the pancreas that play an important role in glucose regulation?

Insulin and Glucagon.

What condition is characterized by elevated fasting blood glucose levels higher than 126 mg/dL or an HbA1C level greater than or equal to 6.5%?

Diabetes Mellitus (DM).

What is the key difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Type 1 is characterized by lack of insulin production or production of defective insulin; Type 2 is caused by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance.

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A condition characterized by hyperglycemia, presence of ketones in the serum, acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

What are common symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision.

What treatment is required for all Type 1 diabetes patients?

Insulin therapy.

What does the term 'metabolic syndrome' refer to in relation to Type 2 diabetes?

A cluster of conditions including obesity, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and increased thrombotic risk.

What is the primary pharmacologic treatment for individual with type 2 diabetes?

Start with lifestyle modifications followed by oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin if glycemic control is not achieved.

What role do DPP-IV inhibitors play in diabetes management?

They delay the breakdown of incretin hormones, resulting in increased insulin synthesis and decreased glucagon secretion.

What are common adverse effects of metformin?

Gastrointestinal issues such as abdominal bloating, nausea, cramping, and potential metallic taste.

What must be monitored when administering insulin?

Blood glucose levels must be checked before administration.

What should a nurse do if a patient is NPO before a test or procedure while on antidiabetic drugs?

Consult the primary care provider to clarify orders for antidiabetic drug therapy.

What is the action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

They decrease blood glucose by increasing renal glucose excretion and reducing glucose reabsorption.

What should be done if a patient experiences mild hypoglycemia?

Treat with a higher intake of protein and lower intake of carbohydrates.

What are some potential signs of hypoglycemia?

Confusion, irritability, tremor, sweating, and if untreated, hypothermia or seizures.

What should a nurse educate a patient about regarding insulin administration?

The correct timing of doses with meals and proper injection techniques.