General Psychology exam 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions explaining others’ behavior

Self-Serving Bias

tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors

Stereotype

belief that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Matching Hypothesis

proposes that people of equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

Passionate Love

complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and intense emotion

Companionate Love

warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own

Attitude

Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought

Mere Exposure Effect

finding that repeated exposures to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus

exists when related attitudes or beliefs are inconsistent

Cognitive Dissonance

occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure

Conformity

conforming to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

Normative Influence

looking to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations due to the belief that they have more information than you do

Informational Influence

form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands

Obedience

lower likelihood of providing help when people are in groups than when they are alone

Bystander Effect

reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups compared with working by themselves

Social Loafing

occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view

Group Polarization

primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

Id

demanding immediate gratification of urges

Pleasure Principle

decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

Ego

delays gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

The Reality Principle

moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

Superego

consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

Conscious

contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

Preconscious

contains material well below the surface of conscious awareness that exert great influence on behavior

Unconscious

creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

rationalization

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Repression

attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

projection

diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target

Displacement

behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings

reaction formation

failure to move forward from one stage to another, as expected

fixation

storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past

collective unconscious

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

behaviorism

tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out

hindsight bias

sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

development

conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy

prenatal period

first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception

germinal stage

second stage of prenatal development, from 2 weeks until the end of the second month

embryonic stage

third stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 months through birth

fetal stage

typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

developmental norm

close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

attachments

emotional distress seen in many infants when separated from people to whom they are attached

separation anxiety

transitions in youngsters' patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

cognitive development

child's recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

object permanence

awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

conservation

inability to envision reversing an action

irreversability

characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint

Egocentrism

Which of Piaget’s stages lasts from birth to age 2 and is categorized by the development of object permanence, basic reflexes, and symbolic thought

Sensorimotor

A child’s ability to understand that their own knowledge and experiences are different form another person’s

theory of mind

When a child's caregiver provides a source of comfort and support in a stressful or threatening situation, what function of a secure attachment is the caregiver providing?

Safe Haven

When a child's caregiver provides a source of comfort and support in a new and unfamiliar environment, what function of a secure attachment is the caregiver providing?

Secure Base

Piaget’s second stage of development lasting from 2-7, that emphasizes shortcomings in preoperational thought, (such as lack of conservation) and egocentrism

Preoperational Period

Piaget’s third stage of development lasting from 7-11, which has hierarchical classification, reversibility, decentration

concrete operational period

Piaget’s fourth stage of development from 11 to adulthood, where complex contemplation occurs, and thoughts become more systematic and logical

Formal operational period

According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing schemas that doesn’t change the schema is called

Assimilation

According to Piaget, the changing or restructuring of existing frameworks (schemas) to fit new information is called

Accommodation

Freud’s 1st psychosexual stage from about birth to 1 year old

Oral stage

Freud’s 2nd psychosexual stage from about 18mo to 3 years

Anal stage

Freud’s 3rd psychosexual stage from about 3 to 6

Phallic stage

Freud believed that a fixation during ____ period can lead to behaviors like smoking, overeating, or nail-biting in adulthood.

Oral Stage

Freud believed that a fixation during _____ period can result in an "anal-retentive" personality (excessively neat and orderly) or an "anal-expulsive" personality (messy and disorganized).

Anal Stage

Freud believed that a fixation during the ______ period can lead to adult personality traits like vanity, sexual aggression, and being overly exhibitionistic. It can also result in difficulties with self-esteem and relationships, and it is associated with Freud's theories of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls

Phallic Stage

The “Big 5” personality traits

openness, contentiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)

A person’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits

Personality

The heritability of each of the Big 5 traits is…

50%