AASP100 Final Exam Walsh

stereotype

oversimplified conception; automatic conclusion; helped people feel justified in biases

Minstrel Show

made by Thomas Rice; established Jumping "Jim Crow"; popular across US

Mammy stereotype

stereotype of old black women;

insulting b/c it was seen as a positive outcome of slavery

Walt Disney "Song of the South"

racial song that never released; avail. for purchase

Sarah Baartman

Born in 1789 in South Africa;

made slave by Dutchman, sold to Frenchman to perform "freak shows" in native culture using "sexual and scientific tact"

Jim Crow

Passed b/w 1876-1965

last in the progression of race laws (Slave, Black, Jim Crow)

segregation @ every level

De Lure Segregation

Latin for "Concerning Law"; first laws concerned public segregation

Homer Plessy

1/8th black > could pass as white;

Challenged Separate Car Act by purchasing first class ticket & sitting in "white only" section;

Made sure an agent arrested him for violation instead of vagrancy

Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy: this violates 13th & 14th amendment;

Convicted, but filed petition against Judge John Ferguson;

7-1 vote saying segregation doesn't = inequality;

1 vote was John Marshall Harlan

John Marshall Harlan

Opposed Emancipation Proclamation, supported chattel slavery;

Supported the Union, supported "color blind" constitution & opposed having a superior ruling class

Had mixed brother

Thurgood Marshall

Born in B-more in 1908;

Son of Pullman Porter (worked as porter for short time);

attended racially segregated public school;

Graduated from Lincoln U & Howard Law (denied from UMD Law for race);

Opened practice in B-more & represented NAACP against UMD (won case)

Remained w/ NAACP for 25 yrs

Brown v Board of Education

Supreme Court combined 5 cases b/c they all wanted same relief from segregated schools;

200 plaintiffs;

Declared separate but equal was unconstitutional;

Paved way for direct action, education reform, and was a catalyst for launching modern civil rights

Brown 2

southern states sought exemption a year after Brown v. Board;

Brown 2 provided loophole: desegregate w/ "all deliberate speed"

- ambiguous language > southern states stalled

White Citizen Council

May 17, 1954, Supreme Court abolished school segregation;

supremacists who opposed the decision made a council;

"Uptown Klan"

Thurgood Marshall after Brown v. Board

US Court of Appeals for 2nd Circuit in 1961

Solicitor general in 1965

Supreme Court Judge June 13th, 1967

Retired 1991

De Facto Segregation

"Concerning fact";

culturally ingrained; not based on law;

De Lue decreased and De Facto Increased

Little Rock Nine

9 AA students who risked their lives for education; needed military protection

Ruby Bridges

1st AA child to integrate into white southern elementary school;

1 on 1 education w/ teacher;

whites pulled children, women threatened to poison lunch, escorted to class by marshalls, protected going to the bathroom

Emmett Till

14 y/o from Chicago visiting cousins in Money, Mississippi;

accused of exchanging words w/ white woman Carolyn (fabricated)

Kidnapped from house and brutally killed by husband and half-brother on Aug. 28th, 1955

Impact of Emmett Till case

Defendants acquitted by white jury (later made paid confession)

- they killed him when he didn't show fear

- memorials vandalized (seen as reverse racism)

Scottsboro Boys

9 black teens accused of raping white women on train in 1931;

All 9 convicted, 8 sentenced to death (youngest was 13)

Long legal battle that included new trials and sentencing

- included Supreme Court

Mary Burks

founded Women's Political Council (WPC) in 1949 in Montgomery, AL before bus boycott

Goal: teach AA's constitutional rights & stimulate voter registration

Rosa Parks

lifelong activist challenging white supremacy decades before becoming the face of the boycott;

Secretary of NAACP (joined 1943);

Breaking point on Dec. 1, 1955;

Original plan for NAACP was to make her test for constitutionality of segregated buses, but blacks turned it into boycott

- family that supported Marcus Garvey

Taxis

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) made taxi plan for 300+ black people w/ cars to carpool

Retaliation

- Whites turned to old law against boycott to arrest 89 blacks including MLK

- Sniping on buses, whites tried to make own services

-Wave of bombings that affected AA leaders, churches, and a Cab Stand (unexploded bomb found on MLK porch)

- Defendants not guilty even after signed documents said they did

- Bombers set free under compromise that canceled black boycott arrests

Sit ins

non-violent direct action to be present where they weren't welcome;

shut down business areas;

1st intentional violation of De Facto segregation;

Feb. 1, 1960: 4 black students sat @ lunch counter @ Woolworth's in Greensboro, NC (joined by other college students who refused to leave even when they weren't served)

Nashville, TN Sit Ins

150 others took part after seeing Greensboro success; Led by Nashville Student Movement and Diane Nash; Students targeted different businesses = financial pressure for store managers

Claudette Colvin

In Montgomery, sat in black section of bus, but didn't move when there wasn't enough space for another white person; arrested and sexually assaulted by officers; denied calls, charged with misconduct and resisting arrest

Freedom Riders Plan 1961

Intentionally violate segregation statures across major cities; started by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); other rides in conjunction coordinated by Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Legacy of Freedom Riders

Brought civil rights movement into general public w/ media coverage of the riders and the brutality they faced; established credibility w/ southern blacks

Parchman Farm

Mississippi State Penitentiary where 300+ freedom riders were jailed; they made freedom songs to antagonize gaurds

MLK Quick Bio (HS, College)

Booker T. Washington HS in Atlanta;

Morehouse @ 15, graduated 1948 w/ BA in sociology;

PhD in systematic theology from Boston U in June 1955

Birmingham Campaign

Dr. King & Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) brought civil rights to city;

Place where AA's were frequently attacked (60+ bombings);

Goals: test how to break segregation walls, occupy public spaces in large numbers, have sit ins at local businesses;

included HS students and younger

Dr. King Jailed

March began Apr. 3 1963, jailed Apr. 12, 1963;

Ally smuggled opinion piece about MLK to him, King wrote Letter From Birmingham jail in response on paper scraps from a janitor

Freedom Summer of 1964

(June -September 1964) non-violent effort to integrate Mississippi segregated political system;

Goal: assist AA residents to vote & establish new political party

Freedom Summer other details

Mississippi had lowest AA voting (6.2%);

Intimidation was factor; Organized by SNCC, CORE, SCLC, & NAACP;

White volunteers + media coverage hoped to expose conditions and have feds enforce civil rights rules that local authority ignored

Training and Disapearing

the first group began training in June and a week later 3 of them went "missing" after working to register black voters; bodies found after 44 days

Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission

secret state-funded agency for spy tactics; originally to track civil rights but expanded in a few years; even assembled AA informants inside of organizations

Clyde Kennard

tried to be first AA to attend Mississipi Southern College; College told Commission > Commission planted evidence to convict him of stealing chicken feed > sentenced to 7 years > became terminally ill w/ cancer > gov. refused to pardon him but finally released him on parole Jan. '63, died July '63

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing

Sept. 15th in Birmingham AL; 4 KKK members planted 19 sticks of dynamite (one charged w/ buying dynamite w/o permit

Selma Campaign: 3 Marches

Bloody Sunday, Turnaround Tuesday, Final March

- Voter registration was @ heart of direct action protest

Bloody Sunday (March 7th, 1965)

about 600 led by John Lewis of SNCC across Edmund Pettus Bridge; Sheriff deputized any white man 21+; many brutally beaten

Turnaround Tuesday (March 9th, 1965)

Led by Dr. King; they went across, kneeled, prayed, and turned around; (avoid conflict & respect Judge Frank Johnson court order until it could provide protection)

Third Party

Dr. King led roughly 8K people on 5 day 54 mile journey from Selma to Montgomery, AL

Viola Luzzio

a white woman who was helping efforts in AL; Killed shot by KKK member while driving black woman (Moton) from Montgomery to Selma; J. Edgar Hoover spread rumors of involvement w/ Moton & being a bad wife to tarnish her reputation

Watts Uprising, 1965 in LA

ignited by the long existing tension of segregation in California; 34 deaths, 1K injuries, 3.4K arrests; Dr. King didn't expand message outside of the south, says it resulted from economic deprivation + social isolation + inadequate housing

King Goes to Chicago

Aimed to face housing & employment; one of most difficult bc it didn't mobilize the entire nation

King Opposed War in Vietnam

kept his opposition private to protect relationship w/ Lyndon B Johnson; convinced to give a speech but costs him many followers

Poor People's Campaign

last campaign of MLK; focused on economic issues because civil rights didn't change material conditions

Malcolm X

- Family followed Marcus Garvey (black nationalist; economic independence; improve selves first)

- Dropped out @ 15, moved b/w foster homes, became burglar in Boston against white people (jailed for 6 yrs and never looked back

- Asset for Nation of Islam & quickly moved up ranks to be part of Muhammad's inner circle (caught government attention)

- Formed his own org to advocate for AA rights and coalition b/w blacks = Organization of Afro-American Unity

Ella Baker

part of nearly every civil rights group (NAACP, SCLC, SNCC); emphasized effort > rank; ostracized because her intelligence threated the male hierarchy of these orgs

Ella Baker inn NAACP

fought for fair and inclusive treatment of women in the movement; left the org bc of sexism and NAACP lost connections to local orgs; mentored Dianne Nash & Rosa Parks

Ella Baker in SCLC

started w/ pulling off large scale event Prayer and Pilgrimage for Freedom; tension w/ Dr. King and advisors bc of sexxism and SCLC sought to limit her authority

in SNCC

mentor and organizer who convinced them to split into Direct Action and Voter Registration wings;

helped coordinate freedom rides; SNCC became foremost advocate for human rights

Bayard Rustin

-Quaker values = single human family

- one of first freedom rides when he traveled from Louisville to Tennesse

- main architect for March on Washington

- Ostracized for sexuality

- Helped found SCLC

- Helped protect Japanese American belongings when they were forced into camps during WWII

Black Power

- Created by Stokely Carmicheal

- turning point of civil rights movement

- not a single term/ ideology

- blacks should do for themselves what the gov. wouldn't (equal rights)

- political & social experimentation + black liberation and political autonomy

CoIntelPro

Counter Intelligence Program

- made in 1956 to disrupt Communist Party decisions

- Used between 1956-1971 to investigate national political groups

- Made to disrupt BPP and potential rise of another Dr. King

Black Panther Org

- founded by Huey P. Newton & Bobby Sale in (Oakland, CA in 1966)

- Aim: stop local officer abuse

- Had over 60 survival programs (stemmed from revolutionary intercommunalism)

- Public Health Legacy: promoted & trained community health workers who made no income

-Widely recognized for armed citizens patrol

rejected class divisions seen in other civil rights orgs

Elaine Brown BPP

- Joined 1968 and commissioned album of BPP songs same year

- Sold BPP newspapers to spread message and beliefs

- Minister of Info (spokesperson for entire org) (1971)

- Chairwoman in 1974 (focused on community service, electoral politics, women in significant roles)

- Managed Lionel Wilson campaign to be 1st black mayor of Oakland

Panther New York 21

Harlem BPP members charged w/ 156 counts of conspiracy to blow up subways police stations dep. stores and railroads

- racist frame up by FBI

- longest trial in NY history & all acquitted after 2 years

Eugenics

social movement claiming to improve genetic factors of human population through selective breeding and sterilization

- used to scientifically justify racism

- class was indicator of genetic superiority

Compulsory Sterilization

forcing sterilization

- limited AA population: over 60K AAs sterilized

- Buck v. Bell 1924 gave constitutional authority to eugenics program

Buck v. Bell

VA woman sterilized for promiscuity

Mandatory minimums

est. by Congress after Anti- Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 & 1988

- increased cost of corrections

- removed sentencing options like rehab

- took control from judges, eliminated their discretion, gives control to prosecutors

Crack v Powder cocaine

18:1 crack:cocaine discrepency; disproportionately affects AAs for the same drug

Freeway Rick Ross

- created crack empire in Compton

- wanted to be tennis player but illiteracy eliminated college scholarships

- used crack for new income: sold about $2.5 billion

- Heavily involved in Contra Revolution

Iran Contra affair

arms for hostage: US sold weapons to Iran for US hostages in Lebanon; profit to Contras to support Reagan agenda; Contras funneled cocaine into US

Black Lives Matter

inspired by killing of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, FL in 2012 by George Zimmerman

- founded by Partisse Cullors (coined #BlackLivesMatter), Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi

- used social media (originated on tumblr

- Philosophy: unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police & vigilantes

- group centered leadership unlike older orgs