Survey of Art I --- Exam 3

Animal Style

Animal motifs, typically found in Germanic art. Known as a geometric style.

Interlace

Serpentine motifs found in art.

Cloissone

The technique of creating designs on metal vessels with colored-glass paste placed within enclosures made of copper or bronze wires, which have been bent or hammered into the desired pattern.

Vellum

Animal skin stretched and dried into paper.

Tempera Paint

Pigment mixed with egg whites. Typically used within manuscripts.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

Who are the four evangelists?

Initial

A letter that begins a major division in a text. These can range from major decorated initials, constituting mini-paintings that often opened a manuscript, to minor initials penned in red ink by Rubricator to highlight text and chapter readings.

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who ruled countries such as France, Northern Italy, and more; known to b a fanatical Christian.

Who was Charlemagne (Charles the Great)?

“Renewal of the Empire of Romans”

What does “Renovatio Imperri Romanorum” mean?

The Benedictians

Who did Charlemagne go to to help get rid of the Muslims?

Masonry

The craft of building a structure with brick, stone, or similar material, including mortar plastering which are often laid in, bound, and pasted together by mortar.

Can also refer to the building units (stone, brick, etc.)

Roman and Carolingian cultures

What does Ottonian art revive?

Holy Roman emperor who consolidated the Italy by marrying Adelheid, as well as the German Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassals and his decisive victory over the Hungarians.

Who was Otto I?

“In the Roman manner”

What does “Romanesque” mean?

Bayeux Tapestry

An embroidered cloth that depicts the events leading up to the Norman Conquest of England, led by William the Conqueror challenging Harold II, King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings.

• Travel to tombs on holy sites

• Travels visiting relics

• Stops along the way to visit other churches (traveling shops) produces town income

• Relics become important to towns’ economic status

How did pilgrimage impact the Romanesue period?

• Brings West into contact with more sophisticated cultures (East Islam & Byznatine)

• Creates demands for goods from the East & higher standards for Western art production

• Between 1095-1190, three great crusades launched from France to take Christian sites from Muslim contro. There was lots attempts at atoning for sins, winning salvation, and glorifying gold. Achieves little.

• Import for the exposure of the West to East as well as strengthening of towns that served to supply crusades.

How did crusades impact the Romanesue period?

• Contact with the East leads to trade and port cities

• Trade creates the mercantile class

• Pilgrimage increases money in towns

How did urban development impact the Romanesue period?

• Jerusalem - Crucifixion

• Rome - Peter & Paul

• Spain - St. James

Known pilgrimage routes in the Romanesque Period?

Relics

Pieces of bone or items associated with the Saints, or Jesus & Mary.

Holy Robbery

Stealing Saints’ relics

Proto-Gothic

Pre-Gothic

Cloister

A covered walk in a convent, monastery, or cathedral, typically with a wall on one side and a colonnade open to a quadrangle on the other.

Clunaic (part of the Monastic Reform)

Scholarly & artistic focus

Cistercain (part of the Monastic Reform)

Reject artistic emphasis, strict discipline

12th Century, France

When & where does the Gothic period start?

Universities (connection between the church & education)

What starts up during the Gothic period?

Scholasticism

Movement made by schoolmen; catholicism + classic philosophy (like Aristotle or Plato)

Religious Orders

Catholic missionaries

St. Denis

What is the first Gothic cathedral in medieval France, which served as a model for subsequent Gothic cathedrals and churches in France and beyond, including Notre-Dame in nearby Paris?

Abbot Suger

Who was widely credited with popularising Gothic architecture?

Voussoirs Chartes

She was considered the last line of defense against going to hell.

Why did people in the Gothic period start widely worshipping the Virgin Mary?

Chartres Cathedral

What building was burned down in the Fire of 1194 and then later rebuilt?

“Our Lady”

What does “Notre Dame” mean?

Perpendicular Gothic

An emphasis on tall vertical lines that run perpendicular to the ground, popularized during 14th & 15th century England.

Canes

Metal framing devices used in windows.

Ornate

English gothic is…

Proto-Renaissance

The style or movement of art in Italy prior to the arrival of the Early Renaissance in the 15th century

• Giotto di Bondone

• “Madoma Enthroned w/Angels”

Cimabue’s student, ________ surpassed his teacher by creating more realistic paintings, like the __________

Scrovegni

A man from a family of 14th century “loan sharks” who was hated by society. Commissions Giotto to build the Arena Chapel to atone for his family’s sins.

Milan Cathedral

In the 14th century, the most powerful Milan families, the Biscontti and Sporsa, hired lots of Europoean architects to build the __________ (ARCHITECTURE BY COMMITTEE)

Byzantine Frontality

Giotto puts an end to ________.

• Marriage at Cana

• Raising of Lazarus

• Resurrection (Noli Me Tangere)

• Lamentation

  (Frescos on north wall of the Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel in Padua, Italy), 1305-6

What Giotto paintings are these?

The plague (destroys art careers until the Renaissance)

What happens after Giotto dies?