topic 5 : the UK's evolving human landscape

urban area

large, central city with high density of human structures

rural area

small, reliant, remote village

population of urban areas:

large (high density) population with young/working age people → many job oppotunities

population of rural areas

small (low density) population with old people who retired

jobs in urban areas

mainly tertiary and quaternary jobs

jobs in rural areas

mainly primary jobs with tourism

housing in urban areas

more expensive and are often flats due to high demand

housing in rural areas

cheaper and big houses due to low demand and lots of land

quality of life

the degree of physical and psychological well-being felt by an individual or group of people in a particular area. e.g can relate to jobs, food, access to services…

challenges against rural areas

• transport

• health and social care

• fuel poverty

• limited job oppotunities

• loneliness and social isolation

deprivation

damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society

rural diversification

the development of methods of income generation that are in addition to traditional rural income sources e.g farming and quarrying

rural strategies

• on-farm tourism and diversification

• rural industries

• farming organic

• food towns and markets

• arts and media projects

why is rural diversification needed?

• farming can’t support as many families as it once did

• cheaper food can be found abroad

• it’s difficult for farmers to make enough money from food production

• supermarkets pay low prices for farm produce

4 reasons rural areas diversify

• adaptability (branching out = shows that farms are able to adapt)

• security (if their food price falls, they have other sources of income they can fall back on)

• tradition (new activities may fund continuation of traditional farming activities)

• develop new skills

Clent Hills Country Park

It attracts many people in search of recreational opportunities - many people use the footpaths.

what is the Eden Project?

• a visitor attraction and educational charity with massive enclosed gardens containing diverse plants

• it used to be a china clay pit, but it was disused and exhausted

positives of Eden Project

• creates more job opportunities - unemployment has decreased by 6%

• boosts Cornwall economy as it attracts millions of visitors annually

• uses recycled waste for soil creation

negatives of Eden Project

• poor accessibility

• expensive fees

• traffic problems - increased yearly by 13% which can cause pollution and congestion

retirement migration

when older people decide to retire to a different part of the UK, e.g Cornwall and Devon

why is there retirement migration?

• a slower pace of life

• lower crime rates

• a sense of community

• beautiful scenery

is retirement migration good or bad?

good: older people create demand of services, creating lots of jobs locally

bad: higher house prices due to demand

rural to urban migration

• young people leave to find better job opportunities

• in urban areas, there are only few jobs: farming, fishing, quarrying

international migration

• any person who changes their country of residence

• in the 1950s, the UK government encouraged immigration from former colonies - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

impacts of international migration

• provides a new source of both cheap and unskilled (construction) or skilled labour (doctors)

• migration to cities increases population density and puts lots of pressure on services

• many migrants are young and have families →affects population demographics → brings benefits in ageing populations

immigrant

someone entering a new country with the intention of living there

emigrant

someone leaving their country of residence to move to another country

economic migrant

someone who is trying to improve their standard living and moves volunteerily

asylum seekers/refugees

someone who believes their life is at risk if they remain in their home country and who seek to settle in another safer country

ethinicity

a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

cultural diversity

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

culture

shared habits, activities, languages etc. within a group of people or place

types of migration in the UK

• retirement migration

• rural to urban migration

• north to south

• urban to urban

• counter-urbanisation