Bio 260 ~ Anatomy and Physiology

What is part of the integument ?

The integument includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. It serves as a protective barrier and plays roles in sensation, thermoregulation, and vitamin D synthesis

Protection from mechanical trauma, pathogens and abiotic factors

What are the 4-5 layers of the epidermis?

The epidermis consists of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Each layer has distinct functions and characteristics

What is the stratum corneum ?

~ most superficial

~ Several layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes (cells that make keratin, a tough fibrous tissue)

~ Keratin acts to protect the skin, especially from mechanical damage

What is the stratum lucidum ?

~ found only in thick skin

~ narrow layer of clear, dead keratinocytes

~ Lucidum = clear

~ palms, hands, soles of the feet

What is the stratum granulosum ?

~ middle layer, 3-5 layers of cells

~ Contains granules in cells that release keratin and lipids

~ lipids are hydrophobic, acting as a barrier from water

What is the stratum spinosum ?

~ second deepest layer of epidermis

~ metabolically and mitotically active (dividing), close to the blood supply

~ produces vitamin D

~ contains dendritic cells, these are immune cells that attack pathogens

What is the stratum basale ?

~ Deepest layer (basal = bottom/below)

~ single layer of stem cells that are metabolically very active due to proximity to blood supply

~ cuboidal

~ contains melanocytes, which produce melanin

What is thick vs thin skin ?

~ Thick skin on the feet, toes, hands and palms

~ has stratum lucidum

~ very thick stratum corneum

~ does not have hair or sebum, but does have many sweat glands

What are the two layers of the dermis ?

~ Papillary layer

~ Reticular layer

What is the papillary layer ?

~ Most superficial

~ thin

~ anchors the epidermis, and feeds it through papillae

What is the reticular layer ?

~ deeper and thicker layer

~ continuous with papillary and hypodermis, so boundaries can be difficult to distinguish

~ more collagen fibers than papillary layer

what are the type of glands ?

~ sweat glands

~ Sebaceous

What are the types of sweat glands ?

~ eccrine sweat glands

~ apocrine sweat glands

~ Ceruminous glands

~ mammary glands

What are apocrine sweat glands ?

They are larger, restricted distribution (axillae, anal region, areolae) release through hear follicle, sweat is protein rich, dependent on puberty

What are ceruminous glands ?

modified apocrine glands, in the ear, produce ear wax (cerumen)

What are mammary glands ?

specialized sweat glands that produce milk ( proteins, lipids, sugars, etc.)

What is the sebaceous ?

~ produce sebum (waxy, oily, mixture of mostly lipids) throughout the body except the palms and soles

~ Hydrophobic , prevents water loss, also antibiotic

What is the axial skeleton ?

~ Consists of the skull

~ Runs along the long axis of the body

~ Positional terms

What parts are inside the skull ?

~ Vomer

~ inferior nasal concha

~ palatine

~ ethmoid

~ sphenoid

What are the skull structures ?

~ parietal

~ frontal

~ temporal

~ occipital

What is the parietal ?

~ Squamish and lamboid structure

What is the frontal?

~ coronal suture

What is the temporal ?

~ zygomatic process

~ external auditory meatus

~ Styloid process

~ mastoid process

~ mandibular process

What is the occipital ?

~ occipital condyle

~ foramen magnum

~ external occipital protuberance

What are the types of vertebra ?

~ 7 cervical vertebra

~ 12 thoracic vertebra

~ 5 lumbar vertebra

~ 5 sacral vertebra (fused)

~ 3-5 coccygeal vertebra (fused and usually fused to the sacrum)

What is the cervical vertebra ?

~ atlas and axis

~ first cervical vertebra is the atlas , articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

~ the second cervical vertebra is the axis , has the odontoid process

What is the thoracic vertebra ?

~ has transverse costal facets

~ superior costal facets

~ inferior costal facets for articulation with the ribs

What is the lumbar vertebra ?

~ large thick spinous process, very large vertebral body

What is the sacrum and coccyx ?

~ fused set of vertebrae that connect the spine to the hips and support the tail bone

What are the ribs ?

~ ribs articulate with two vertebra simultaneously

~ head articulates between vertebrae , tubercle articulates with transverse costal facet of inferior vertebrae

What is the sternum ?

~ sternum articulates with ribs at anterior and is made up of 3 bones

~ usually fused : manubrium, body and xiphoid process

What is the appendicular skeleton?

~ serial homologues

~ consists of the pectoral girdle : arm and shoulder

~ pelvic girdle : leg and hip

What is the pectoral girdle ?

~ clavicle connects and braces the scapula against the sternum

~ articulates with the manubrium and the acromion process

~ scapula is the shoulder blade, connected to the dorsal side of the rib cage, articulates with the glenoid fossa

~ scapula is complex, with attachments for many different bones

~ humorous, upper arm bone, radius , ulna , forearm bones, radius is to the outside or lateral, ulna is medial and includes elbow

~ carpals, metacarpals and phalanges/digits are the wrist and hand

What is the Pelvic girdle ?

~ the hips are collectively referred to as the Os coxae, each side is made up of 3 fused bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

~ femur articulates with the acetabulum, much larger than the humerus as it supports the entire weight of a person

~ patella articulates in between the medial and lateral condyles on the anterior end of the femur, held in place by the patellar ligament

~ fibula does not articulate with the femur, articulates with the proximal and distal ends of the tibia and the talus

~ tibia is the shin bone and supports the weight of the leg below the femur

~ malleolus (lateral and medial) are lower leg equivalents of the Styloid processes on the radius and ulna

What bones are in the ankle ?

~ the ankle is composed of numerous bones

~ calcaneus : heel

~ talus : ankle articulation with the tibia and the fibula

~ collectively, ankle bones are referred to as tarsals

~ foot also includes metatarsals and phalanges/digits