apush ch.4

Deism

there's a god that created the world but leaves human affairs alone

God established natural rights

(life, liberty, property)

Rationalism

thinking rationally instead of following things off blind faith

Social contract

people enter a contract with their government in exchange for protection of their natural rights

Challenged divine-right monarchs

- Fear over potential tyranny of monarch

- Rejected "virtual representation"

Monarchy looks strong

- 8 royal colonies

- Navigation acts

- Prohibitions on paper money and manufacturing

George I and II (1714-1760): The Hanibals

- Germans

- Prime minister holds most executive power

- Don’t enforce navigation acts because of fear of upsetting english people

- Colonies can kind of do whatever they want

1740s: ------ holds most of interior North America

- Forts, missions, trading posts

- Lower Mississippi: plantation

- Indigenous allies

- Not a threat to indigenous way of life

- Get fur, makes a lot of money

- 1754: 60-70k population

New France

French and Indian war(s)

Imperial conflict for land, resources, indigenous allies, etc.

All fought by colonial troops

- Don’t want to fight in wars, but are being trained in warfare

THE French and Indian War (1754-1763)

- French establish Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh

- Ohio River Valley

- Colonel George Washington deployed to stop construction of the fort

- Doesn’t work

- establishes Fort Necessity nearby

1755 - Braddock Expedition

- Send out General Edward Braddock to capture fort Duquenses

- Disaster, Braddock expects a European fight

- Stuck on a tiny road, french are hiding

- Algonquin ravage English frontier

- Until 1756 - mostly fought by colonies (badly)

Albany Plan of Union

- Congress of seven colonies

- Plan by Benjamin Franklin

- Intercolonial government

- Recruit troops, unified army, collect taxes for common defense

- President general elected by king, assembly chosen by colonists

- Fails

- Worried about losing their own taxation powers

- First attempt to unify colonies

- Join or Die cartoon published by Benjamin Franklin

French and Indian War pt. 2 1756: 7 years war (international conflict) begins

- Fighting in India, America, Europe

William Pitt (secretary of state for England)

- Need to reassess how they are conducting the war in the colonies

- Introduces impressment: forceful enlistment of colonists into to armed forces

- 1757 NYC: people disserting ships going to fight in Canada, 3k troops invade NYC and kidnap 800 men to force into service

- Seizes colonial supplies and quarters troops on private property

Tide turns - French become outnumbered

- Quebec taken in 1759

- Montreal taken in 1760

- Brutal

- Forced dispersal of Native Americans

- Implement Scalp bounty: evidence collected to show proof you killed a native american (their scalp)

- Algonquin and other native groups don’t forget this

Peace of Paris 1763

- French canada, spanish florida, and all land east of the mississippi belongs to england

- Louisiana goes to spain, back to france soon

British

- Scorned colonists

Surge in colonial self image

- “People’s army”

- Bring together different colonies

- Shared animosity for William Pitt

122 million pounds spent on war

Now have a permanent frontier defense force

- King George III and Whigs (dominant party in parliament) suggest having the colonies foot the bill

- Much more involved king than the other Georges

- Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763):

Ohio River Valley tribes unite behind Chief Pontiac and wage war against encroaching settlers

- Crushed very easily

- Proclamation of 1763:

prohibited expansion west of the appalachian mountains

English Parliament is led by PM

George Grenville

Sugar Act 1764:

- tax on sugar and increase control over the navigation acts

- Focus on reducing smuggling

- Indirect tax (tax on transporters)

mutiny/Quartering Act (1765)

colonists must house new army

Currency Act of 1764

no more paper money

STAMP ACT (1765)

All printed documents (newspapers, almanacs, deeds, wills, etc.) must have stamp

- Pay a tax for the stamp

Colonies are in a depression, but ______

British revenue increases 10x

- Not supposed to be controlled by the colonies, salutary neglect

Patrick Henry

House of Burgesses representative

- Get people to care about issues

Virginia Resolves (1765)

"no taxation without representation"

- Direct response to the stamp act

Stamp Act Congress - NY

Come together as a group of colonies to reject these policies

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

- Intimidate and insult tax agents in a mob form

- Tar and feather them (pour tar on top of them and dump the feathers on the sticky tar)

- Nonimportation movements: boycotting British goods

Declaratory Act (1766):

still have the right to tax and pass any laws on the colonies that they want

Townshend Acts (1767):

duties on tea, glass, paper

- Non direct (tax merchants)

John Dickinson:

writes Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1768

Massachusetts Circular Letter (1768)

- urged non-compliance and arranges boycotts

- Townshend acts repealed over concerns of hurting trade 1770

Boston Massacre -

troops fire into the crowd

Crispus Attucks:

half indigenous half african man, first to get shot in the massacre

Soldiers put on trial for murder Represented by ____

John Adams

Samuel Adams (leader of the sons of liberty)

inflames anti-british settlements

- Mass produce propaganda images of massacre, characterize it as a mischaracter of justice

Committees of correspondence:

small towns arranging themselves to share news and events between one another

- Intercolonial by 1773

HMS Gaspee

hunted smugglers, get stuck on rocks one day

- Colonists burn the ship

Tea Act (1773):

a tax on tea, makes tea cheaper than the illegal Dutch Tea

Undercut local merchants by giving a monopoly to _____

British East India Company

12/6/73 - Boston Tea Party

- Members of the Sons of Liberty board a ship in Boston harbor and dump the tea into the water (dressed as mohawk indians)

- 1 million pounds worth of tea

intolerable/coercive acts (1774)

Direct response to boston tea party

Port Act:

close boston harbor

Massachusetts governor act:

take away power from state legislature and give it to the royal governor

Administration justice act:

introduce extraterritoriality

- Officials were put on trial in the colonies, now they have to be charged back in England

Quartering Act expanded:

occupy private homes with no justification

Quebec Act (1774)

- All Ohio River Valley land colonists won during the civil war is added to Quebec

- Reinflames protestant vs. catholic tensions (quebec is catholic)

- Quebec is not given a legislative assembly, fear that they will lose theirs

House of burgesses is dissolved by

the royal governor 1774

Sept. 1774 - 1st continental congress meets in philly

12/13 colonies convene

Suffolk Resolves:

calls for repeal of all laws since 1763

Minutemen:

Massachusetts farmers and townspeople

- Set up systems to for alert

General/Governer Gage

put in charge of boston, worried that british army is too small

April 18, 1775: gage ordered to arrest __ ___ and ___ ____ in Lexington

Sam Adams, John Hancock

William Dawes and Paul Revere’s midnight ride

Tell everyone that the British are coming

4/19/1775 - battles of ____ and ___ "start" of the revolution

Lexington and Concord

Americans win at Concord

Sam Adams and John Hancock are not arrested

Common sense (1/1776) by Thomas Paine

First time someone in the colonies articulates real goal of independence

- King William's War (1689-1697):

British try to conquer Quebec, Algonquin with french, burn English settlements, British loose

- Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)

fight over the throne of Spain, British get New Foundland from France

- King George's War (1744-1748)

fight over the throne of Austria, Spanish try to invade Georgia, Oglethorpe engages militia and fights back