Animal Digestive Systems

Monogastric

an animal with a simple stomach

Ruminants

an animal with a 4 chambered stomach

Psuedoruminants

an animal with a three chambered stomach, sacculated stomachs

Digestion

the breakdown of nutrients so that they may be absorbed and utilized

Mechanical Digestion

digestion through movement such as peristalsis

Peristalsis

rhythmic contractions which move feed through the alimentary canal

Alimentary Canal

another name for the G.I. tract

Liver

produces bile

Gallbladder

stores bile

Crop

the storage site for food in the avian species

Gizzard

muscular sac in the avian species which contains grit and helps to break up the size of food particles

Villi

small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestine which help move food throughout it

Enterocytes

cells which help pull nutrients into villi

Microvilli

smaller fingerlike projections which pull nutrients into villi

Chyme

the mixture of food and enzymes that pass from the stomach into the small intestine

Gastrin

hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates secretion of HCl, mucus and increases stomach motility

Enterogastrone

hormone secreted in the stomach which reverses gastrin

Amylase

an enzyme released by the pancreas that digests carbohydrates

Lipase

an enzyme released by the pancreas that digests fats

Proteolytic Enzymes(proteases)

an enzyme released by the pancreas that digests proteins

Secretin

a hormone that controls the release of bicarbonate in the pancreas

Cholecystokinin(CCK)

a hormone that control the release of other enzymes and the flow of bile in the pancreas

Coprophagy

eating feces

Mastication

chewing

Chemical Digestion

splitting of nutrient bonds into utilizable entities via enzymatic hydrolysis

Eructation

belching

Transfaunation

taking the ruminal fluid from a healthy animal and pumping it into a sick one to replenish its ruminal flora

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

when metal penetrates out through the reticulum, causing serious injury to cows(Hardware Disease)

Where does protein digestion start?

stomach

Where are water and electrolytes absorbed?

large intestine

Where are nutrients absorbed?

small intestine

What is the route that protein follows once it's digested and assimilated(absorbed) into the bloodstream?

capillaries --> portal vein --> liver where they are stored, or transferred to bloodstream to be used in body for tissues as Amino Acids

What is the route that carbohydrates follow once they are digested and assimilated(absorbed) into the bloodstream?

capillaries --> portal vein --> liver; stored as glycogen in liver or converted into glucose to be used as energy for the body

What is the route that lipids follow once they are digested and assimilated(absorbed) into the bloodstream?

lacteals --> lymphatic system --> bloodstream; unused will be stored in unlimited amounts throughout body

What is the equivalent of the true glandular stomach in a ruminant?

abomasum

What is the equivalent of the true glandular stomach in the avian species?

proventriculus

What is the role of the Omasum in the Ruminant species?

it regulates the size of food particles going into the abomasum

Where is protein digestion completed?

small intestine

Where does fat and carbohydrate digestion begin and complete?

small intestine

Where is the main fermentation section of the ruminant stomach?

rumen

3 ways in which the Monogastric, Ruminant, and Avian digestive systems are similar

1) Digestion always starts in the mouth
3) Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are all digested the same way
3) They all have at least one cecum

3 ways in which Monogastric, Ruminant, and Avian digestive systems are different

1) Different numbers of stomach chambers
2) Different version of the true glandular stomach
3) Fermentation takes place in different parts of the systems

What way requires the most energy for nutrients to enter the villi?

active transport

What are the 3 Volatile Fatty Acids(VFA's) created from carbohydrate fermentation and what are they used for?

1. Acetic Acid

2. Propionic Acid

3. Butyric Acid

   They all produce energy

What are the 3 main by-products of carbohydrate fermentation?

1. VFA’s

2. Gas(CO₂ CH₄)

3. Heat

Beside the VFA's, what is another important by-product of fermentation?

heat