Unit 2 - Dual Enrollment History

British Effects of the War

• 140 million pounds of debt, half from defending the colonies

• Britain expected the colonies to trade with them exclusively and pay taxes to cover the cost of their protection. British Citizens paid an average of 26 shillings a year compared to 1 shilling by the colonists.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Ottawa- after losing countries to play off of each other, Chef Pontiac killed 2000 Detroit Settlers trying to force out the British, the British retaliated with gifts of Small Pox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt

Royal Proclamation Line of 1763

Limited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent Indian Wars

Daniel Boone

Migrated to Kentucky along with other Americans to the newly acquired land, believing they earned the land with their blood.

George Grenville

The Prime Minister attempted to control spending, enforced the Navigation Acts, and initiated taxation of the colonies.

Revenue/Sugar Act

Lowered the tax for raw sugar, molasses, and textiles (fabric or cloth), wine, coffee, and indigo, cost 4 times what it brought in.

Quartering Act

forced the colonists to provide homes for British Troops, either their own or build ones, mainly affected New York

Stamp Act

• First direct tax, on printed materials, legal documents, British taxes for the same items were twice as high, led to cries of no taxation without representation, burdened the wealthier, better education

• used for legal documents

Stamp Act Congress

• to petition the king to repeal the Stamp Act, the first time the colonies worked together.

• Movement began to boycott British goods.

• Protests led to the Stamp Act being repealed

• New York built a statue of George III

• Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, giving Parliament the power to pass binding laws on the colonies in all cases.

Virtual Representation

Parliament represented all subjects of the British Empire

British Constitution

• not a single document, Britain was under the King, Parliament, and English Law

Currency Act of 1764

• Due to a shortage of British currency, the colonists printed their own money, but Parliament banned the printing of paper money, which caused a recession.

Charles Townshend

great orator, even when drunk, died shortly after passing his bills.

Townshend Act

The closure of the Massachusetts legislature led to increased smuggling.

Revenue Act

• created Taxes on glass, lead, and paper

• legalized search warrants called writs of assistance

• Officials could seize property without due process

Sam Adams

• Harvard Graduate (So a Christian)

• Bankrupted Family Brewery

• Founder of the Sons of Liberty and Massachusetts committees of correspondence.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

• Started in Boston

• Protestors cried liberty, property, no stamps, tarred and feathered opponents

Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770- 60 Colonists surrounded 10 soldiers, 8 wounded, 5 dead

• Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, defended by John Adams, 8 not guilty, 2 guility

Crispus Attucks

Runaway slave, who led the mod, died in the fighting

King George lll

• British King from the Hanover family,

• tried to show the power of the monarchy,

• surrounded himself with yes men, including his prime minister Lord North, suffered from mental illness due to arsenic poisoning

Gaspee Incident (1772)

• patrol ship for smugglers ran aground

• Tthey took livestock and cut down trees for firewood

• colonists seized and burned the British ship,with no witnesses

Committees of correspondence

• statement of American rights

• Intercolonial communications were initiated by Samuel Adams using the House of Burgesses as the model

• formed the foundation for the Continental Congress

Tea Act

• Parliament made British East India's tea cheaper to save the company Bostonites saw this as a trick to paying the tax and it hurt colonial tea companies

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests into the harbor

Boston Port Act

closed Boston ports until damages were paid

Coercive Acts

 violated the right to trial by a jury of one's peers and the right not to have troops quartered in one's home

Quebec Act

expanded Quebec

hurt colonial land spectaculars

Protected rights of the French Canadian citizens

Banned representative assemblies

First Continental Congress

Philadelphia, John Adams pushed for revolution, organized local and colonial boycotts, created the Association, a large stockpiling of weapons, Patrick Henry gave his "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech

Suffolk Resolves

urged colonists not to obey the Intolerable Acts, but stay loyal to the king, boycott,

The Association

pushed for a complete boycott of British goods, violators were tarred and feathered

John Hancock

• made his fortune by smuggling

• led the revolution stockpiled weapons for the Minutemen

Minutemen

• Concord unit trained and ready to fight the British at a moment’s notice

Lexington & Concord

• In 1775, British General Gage went to seize the weapons at Concord, Samuel Adams and John Hancock

• British fought through Lexington, but were forced to retreat from Concord, “Shot heard ‘round the world”

Second Continental Congress

in 1775, named George Washington head of the Continental Army because he was from the largest state, he lacked experience in this level

Fort Ticonderoga

5/10/75- Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys/Benedict Arnold seized the British garrisons and their supply of gunpowder and artillery that saved Boston, Allen later founded Vermont under the threat that his new land would join the British

Battle of Bunker Hill

• stopped two British advances

• the colonial militia retreated due to a lack of ammunition, actually at Breed's Hill, Howe, Clinton, & Burgoyne, 1054 British casualties, 400 colonial casualties

Olive Branch Petition

• July 1775, the Continental Congress sent it to the king, stating loyalty, that King George refused to look at it so the Continental Congress started a postal system under Benjamin Franklin,

• negotiated treaties with local Indian tribes, a Navy, and Marine Corps

Canada

• Troops under Benedict Arnold marched to Quebec to make an alliance with French Canadians

• Small pox and exhaustion exhaustion defeated them, 900 of his 1900 men were infected

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Convinced many colonists call for independence

Declaration of Independence

• issued by the fullContinental Congress on July 4, 1776

• written by Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and Livingston,

• listed the reasons for independence and a form of government described by John Locke

The Declaration of Independence has four parts:

1. Preamble (introduction) 

2. Declaration of Natural Rights

3. List of Grievances Against the King 

4. Resolution of Independence by the United States

The Declaration of Independence has four parts:

• Montesquieu- separation of powers

• John Locke and natural rights

• Thomas Hobbes- social contracts, natural liberties, equality

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau- social contract, everyone should participate

Republican Motherhood

• women were keepers of the nation's conscience

• they raised the children and held the future of the republic in their hands.

Battle of New York

• 32k British troops on 500 ships to confront Washington with 19k untrained troops

• he escaped on Christmas day, crossing the Delaware River

Battle of Trenton

• Washington captured 1,000

  Hessians hung over from Christmas celebrations

Colonial Army

• lacked unity, munitions, clothing, shoes, and a stable supply of food

• 1 in 12 reported for duty with a musket

• Franklin proposed arming the army with bows and arrows, poorly trained troops,

British Army

• Disobedience led to whippings

• one American remarked that a troop was whipped 25 times after he died

• more wild than colonists since they fought away from home

Hessians

• German princes hired out their people to pay debts

• one Prince had 74 children, mercenaries that served in many wars, 30,000 fought for the British in the Revolution

African Americans

• 5.000 fought for the Continental army

• British Lord Dunmore issued a proclamation of freedom for slaves who served the British army

• British evacuated 14,000 slaves to other colonies

Loyalists/Tories

• 100k or 20%, British party pro-king and loyal Americans, after the DOI imprisoned, tarred and feathered, hung. 80,000 fled, possessions were sold to pay for the war,, government officials, prominent merchants, landowners, and a few farmers.

Patriots, or Whigs

• Party pro-Parliament

• British did not want to fight family in colonies, planters, lawyers, merchants, urban workers

Apathists

• Dugdale term for the 50% of population that didn't care one way or the other

• eventually won over by Patriots

Native Americans

• the majority fought with the British, believing they would stop encroachment on their land, the Iroquois fought on both sides

British Advantages

1. superior navy, army, munitions

2. Experienced officers and troops

3. Outnumbered the colonist

4. Had money

5. Native American Support

Colonial Advantages

1. Great Leadership

2. Strong Motivation

3. Guerilla Warfare

4. Fighting to protect homes

5. Only needed to not lose to win independence

Marquis de Lafayette

• volunteered for the continental army, at 19

• a general because of family connections, donated $200,000 of the money that they saved all of their life for the revolution.

British General William Howe

• led the British Army

• fought the Continental army and militias, win quickly or lose Parliament

British General John Burgoyne

• actor/writer

• moved slowly cutting down trees for a large caravan of officer wives

• Arnold pursued him relentlessly

Battle of Brandywine Creek

• Howe defeated Washington captured Philadelphia,

• the Continental Congress escaped and Howe failed to destroy the Continental army

Valley Forge- 1777-8 - Baron von Steuben

• German who trained and drilled Washington's troops into a fighting force with his experience in the Prussian army.

• as many as 2,500 troops died in the poor conditions.

• Enlistment bonus in 1777-$20 and 100 acres

Battle of Saratoga

• 10/17/1777, Arnold & Horatio Gates capture Burgoyne and his army, turning point of the war,

• France recognizes the United States and sends troops, Howe resigns,

House of Commons of 1778

• repealed Townshend Tea Act, Governorships, Navigation Act

• restored pre independence here rights, colonists ignored

Benjamin Franklin

• with John Adams secured an alliance with France following Saratoga

• France provided 90% of the gunpowder.

• 2 ½ years before Saratoga, France alone supplied half the army and most the navy.

Treaty of Alliance

• recognized U.S.

• no peace without the other's consent

• guarantee French Island possessions

Armed Neutrality

• formed by Catherine the Great,

• passive hostility toward Britain,

• war was spread to South America, the Caribbean, and Asia,

• United States military alliances and the Armed Neutrality forces helpega win the revolution

Comte de Rochambeau

French General arrived with 6,000 troops in Rhode Island,

George Rogers Clark 

• captured 3 British forts in the Ohio River Valley, giving it to the U.S.,

• Clark massacred Indians to prove the British couldn't protect them

Daniel Boone 

• fights outnumbered 30 v 400 to a draw

•  shot twice

• Captured twice

• two sons dead, 1 brother, 2 brother in laws

John Paul Jones

• 9/23/1779

• Scotsman volunteer, carried naval battles to the coast of Britain captured 17 British ships, captured a ship twice his size while he was sinking.

• "I have a not yet begun to fight!"-spelled so correctly

Charleston, South Carolina

• Captured by British General Clinton

• 5k troops and 400 canons captured

• worst colonial defeat

 

Battle of King’s Mountain

• turning point in the South

• General Nathaniel Greene helped retake Georgia and South Carolina by attacking and retreating.

1780-81 U.S. Economy

• State of the Union

• currency so devalued that debts were promised to be repaid at 2.5 cents on the dollar

• caused by the British counterfeit currency of the Colonial currency

Benedict Arnold

• after receiving a wound and no credit for victories at Ticonderoga and Saratoga

• Arnold agreed to turn West Point over to the British for £6,300 and a commission in the British Army

Alexander Hamilton

• led an attack to capture key British defenses in the battle of Yorktown.

• His men broke into song and wrote a
  musical.

Yorktown

• 10/19/1781

• in Virginia, Continental forces under Washington and French forces won a decisive battle and captured Cornwallis with his 7200 British troops, ending the war with Parliament agreement

Treaty of Paris of 1783

• John Jay, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin negotiated without France

1. Britain recognized U.S. Spain

2. Britain kept Canada, but gives Florida to

3. France gets back colonies. in Africa and Caribbean.

4. U.S. pay all debts to Britain and loyalists

Revolution Changes Society

Property holding was not a voting requirement.

Average people were in worse financial shape after the war.

Women

some served in the military, post war could obtain a divorce and education

Abigail Adams

Pushed for equality

African Americans

Many Northern states abolished slavery. 1000s obtained freedom.

Loyalists

along with former slaves, and Native allies 80k fled to other colonies

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

• separation of church and state

• all states banned a state tax for churches

State Governments 

Before the first government

1. states made their own coins

2. raised armies and navies

3. had written state constitutions

4. required the annual election of state legislators

5. granted them state legislatures more power than governors

6. created weak executive and judicial branches

Articles of Confederation

The first U.S. government (1777-1781) with a weak unicameral Congress, no executive branch, state sovereignty, and equal representation. It lacked power to regulate commerce, required unanimous state agreement for changes, and ultimately failed due to its inherent weakness.

Confederation Congress

met just once a year with the power to declare war, raise armies, and sign treaties

Land Ordinance of

1785

sold land to pay off the national debts provisions for public school in each settlement

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• laws to govern territories, no slavery, still in use.

• 5,000 adult male landowners can elect territorial legislature

• 60,000 landowners Can elect delegates to a state constitutional convention

Shays' Rebellion

• 1786

• Massachusetts raised taxes to pay debts instead of printing money

• Daniel Shays went to a state arsenal to get weapons.

• A government militia defended the arsenal.

• This exposed the out problems of a weak central government

Causes of the Constitutional Convention

1. British merchants flooded U.S. markets with inexpensive goods.

2. government could not force the states to pay their debts to Britain or Loyalists.

3. Recession caused by end of the Revolutionary War

4. Shay's rebellion

5. control of commerce

Major goals of the Constitutional Convention

1. preserve the Union

or keep the states together

2. form a stronger national government

*only attended by wealthy Americans who met in secret

Virginia or large-state plan

• a new government with three branches and two houses of Congress.

• It benefited large states because representation reflected the population

New Jersey Plan

• revised the Articles of Confederation to make the central government stronger.

• Congress would have a single house with equal representation

Antifederalists

• Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, states rights, small farms, poorer Americans, debtors, freedoms were stolen by a lack of a bill of rights

Federalists

• George Washington, James Madison, and John Marshall, wanted a strong central government

Constitutional Convention

allowed the new government to be created with only nine of the thirteen colonies in agreement

James Madison

• wrote the constitution, Father of the Constitution

Connecticut or Great Compromise

• the House of Representatives would be based on population size, selected by voters it would present tax bills.

• The Senate would have equal representation selected by state legislatures, or goats with legs.

Electoral College

• system for electing the president

• the candidate with the most votes in each state, gets all the votes for that state

• the House decides with one vote per state if there was no majority.