4.2 Liberalism Applied Principles

CL Human Nature

**Rational:** Rationalism

* capable of reason and logic
* responsibility
* move away from blind faith towards reason

**Individual:** Individualism

* atomism
* egoistical individualism

**Free:** Freedom + liberty

* negative freedom
* laws strengthen freedom

ML Human Nature

Rationalism

* capable of reason + logic
* emphasise learning through responsibility
* scientific thinking + secularism

Individualism

* developmental individualism
* intervention required but minimised

Freedom

* naturally independent
* positive freedom
* individual + common good

CL State

**Preservation of Order:** The State

* night watchman state
* law and order
* separation of powers

**Limited:** Liberal Democracy

* free elections
* limited gov
* civil liberties
* constitutionalism
* electoral college

**Interventionist:** Equality + Social Justice

* non interventionist
* equality of opportunity
* foundational equality

ML State

\
**Preservation of Order:** The State

* enabling state

**Limited:** Liberal Democracy

* pro democracy (accountability participation + education)
* pluralism
* mechanistic theory
* limited government
* checks and balances

**Interventionist:** Equality and Social Justice

* some intervention
* decentralisation of power for minority voice

CL Society

**Without Restriction:** Freedom + Liberty

* negative freedom
* utilitarianism
* atomism
* meritocracy

**Without Obligation:** Individualism

* atomist (no common good)
* egoistical individualism
* tolerance

**Equal:** Equality + Social Justice

* foundational equality
* meritocracy
* social inequality (incentivisation)

ML Society

**Without restriction:** Freedom + Liberty

* positive freedom
* self-fulfilment
* negative freedom is freedom to starve
* common good

**Without obligation:** Individualism

* developmental
* fair society with minimal inequality
* tolerance (sexual)
* Obama NC trans rights

**Equal:** Equality + Social Justice

* narrowed inequalities
* formal equality
* UN disability treaty

CL Economy

**minimal intervention:** The State

* laissez-faire
* self-interest

**welfare:** Equality + SJ

* Social Darwinism
* competition
* inequality

**competitive:** Individualism

* egoistical
* rational
* independent

ML Economy

**limited intervention:** The State

* enabling state
* Keynesianism
* sustainable growth + employment

**welfare:** Equality + SJ

* moderate welfare
* ‘New Liberals’
* Asquith reforms: pensions + NI

**competitive:** Individualism

* deregulation results in poverty + social injustic
* welfare measures
* developmental individualism

Adam Smith quote

“It is not form the benevolence of the butcher… that we expect our dinner but from their regard for their own interest”

Herbert Spencer

* classical proponent of social darwinism
* success tied to economic prosperity
* people must compete for successes