ILE Unit 1 Objectives

list the steps in the medication use process

1. prescribing; 2. transcribing/documenting; 3. dispensing; 4. administering; 5. monitoring

what is another term for prescription drugs

legend drugs

what are prescription/legend medications

medications that by law can only be obtained with a prescription

what are schedule drugs

medications with high abuse/dependence potential

what are over the counter medications also called

nonprescription medications

what is over the counter/nonprescription medications

can be bought off the shelf in stores; do not require a prescription

is there a difference in active ingredients between the brand and generic according to the slides

no

is there a difference in active ingredients between strength/dosage

no

which medication is generally higher in cost

brand medication

which medication is generally lower in cost

generic medication

what symbols may identify brand medications

® or ™

can a generic medication look different from the brand

yes. Its packaging and the drug itself may look different

inscription is

WHAT drug

subscription is

HOW MUCH to dispense

sig is

HOW the patient uses it

what is a prescription drug order

a lawful order of a licensed practitioner for a medication, device, or pharmaceutical care for a specific patient

where are prescriptions commonly used

outpatient care

where are medication orders commonly used

hospitals and institutional care settings

what information is included in prescriber identification

name, license designation, address, and DEA number for controlled drugs

what information is included in patient identification

full name, age/DOB, and street address

what is a superscription

Rx

what does the inscription contain

medication name, strength, and dosage form

what is the subscription

dispensing instructions to the pharmacist, including the quantity to dispense

what is the sig

directions for use that the pharmacist must transcribe for the patient on the label

where would you find information about refills

special labeling and instructions

what is a drug

the active pharmaceutical ingredient

what is strength

the amount of active drug in one unit

what is concentration

the amount of drug (active ingredient) in a specific volume

what is a dose

the amount of drug taken at one time unless specified as total daily dose

what is route

how the medication is administered

what is frequency

how often the medication is taken

what is duration

how long the drug is taken

what should sig include

dose, route, and frequency

what is quantity

the total amount dispensed to the patient

what is days' supply

the number of total/complete days the amount dispensed will last

what happens to the dose during titration

it is slowly increased

why may a medication be titrated

to find an effective dose and help patients develop tolerance to adverse effects

what happens during a taper

the total dose is gradually decreased

what is typically the goal of a medication taper

discontinuing the medication

what is the difference between titration and tapering

titration slowly increases the dose; tapering gradually decreases the total daily dose

what is an initial dose

the starting dose

what is a maximum dose

the highest dose identified in the dosing information

what is TDD

the amount of medication a patient takes every day

What does PO mean

oral/by mouth

what does SL mean

sublingual

what does IV mean

intravenous

what does IM mean

intramuscular

what does SQ mean

subcutaneous

what does PR mean

rectal/per rectum

what does AD mean

right ear

what does AS mean

left ear

what does AU mean

both ears

what does OD mean

right eye

what does OS mean

left eye

what does OU mean

both eyes

what does BID mean

twice daily

what does TID mean

three times daily

what does QID mean

four times daily

what does QAM mean

every morning

what does Q4h mean

every 4 hours

what does HS or QHS mean

at bedtime

what does AC mean

before meals

what does PC mean

after meals

what does PRN mean

as needed

what does D/C mean

discontinue

what is medication titration

slowly increase the dose of a medication by small amounts over days, weeks or months to find an effective dose

what is medication taper

gradually decrease the total daily dose of a medication

how are brand drugs standardized

drugs are standardized in size, color, packaging, etc.

what types of dosing should you distinguish among

initial dose, dose titration and maximum dose

what is diagnosis

process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms

what are signs

objective, observable/identifiable by another person like labs or vitals

what are symptoms

subjective experience that is reported by the patient

what is prophylaxis

medication or intervention to prevent a condition

what is non-pharmacological therapy

intervention to treat or prevent a condition that is not based on medication

what may non-pharmacological therapy be based on

evidence, diet, exercise, lifestyle choices

what is idiopathic

a disease, condition, or symptom arises from an unknown cause

what is morbidity

the state/burden of illness or disease and its impact on the patient's health

what is morbidity associated with

more with complications and what you cannot control; uncontrolled

what is co-morbidity

having more than one illness or condition simultaneously

what are risk factors

patient factors that increase the chances of developing a disease or increasing the severity of it; may not be a direct cause; an association has been established

what is consequence/complication

damage from something bad; usually from disease progression or lack of disease management

what is an example of modifiable RF

exercise, smoking cessation

what are examples of non-modifiable RF

age, genetics

what are the goals of therapy

cure a disease; stop or slow progression; reduce or eliminate symptoms; prevent a disease or symptom; and do these things while minimizing risk

what is indication

the clinical reasons a patient might require drug therapy

what can an indication include

prevent, cure, slow progression, correct labs, supplement, provide comfort, relief, assist in diagnosis

what is an FDA labeled indication

FDA has approved the medication as safe and effective for a medical indication

what is an off-label indication

FDA has approved the drug but not for the indication; data exists to support its use

what are reasons to use off label

specific population, life threatening/terminal, drugs in same class, treat 2 conditions with 1 medication, given a different way

what is efficacy

when medication produces the desired, beneficial effects to meet goals of therapy/therapeutic outcomes

what does efficacy want to reduce, resolve, or prevent

signs, symptoms, progression, or consequences/complications of disease

what is safety

the risk of harm or adverse effects associated with a medication

do all medications have risks

ALL medications have risks

what is wanted regarding medication safety

reduce or prevent medication-specific adverse drug reactions and avoid contraindications/precautions

what is adherence

ability and willingness to take medications as prescribed

which category relies on action of the patient

adherence

what can affect adherence

cost; ADRs (tolerability); dosing frequency; many other patient-specific factors

what must be known first for efficacy monitoring

goals of therapy first, as well as duration of therapy (acute vs chronic medication)

what types of parameters are included in efficacy monitoring

subjective and objective parameters

what should efficacy monitoring include for follow up

give timeline for follow-up monitoring