APHG Unit 6 Vocab

Adolesent Fertility Rate

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19

fair trade

Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

Human Development Index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

maternal mortality ratio

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Value Added

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Break-of-bulk point

A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Fordist

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Post-Fordism

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

right-to-work laws

A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs.

Site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Weber's Least Cost Theory

theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration

Agglomeration/ Deglomeration

A- grouping businesses in the same industry together to make it easier for resources and business
D- dispersing of an agglormeration

Basic Industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

buisness services

services that primarily meet the needs of other buisnesses

Centeral Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Central Place Theory

geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size, and location of human settlements in an urban system

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

customer services

human or mechanical efforts or activities that add value to a product

Dispersed rural settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Encloser movement

rich farmers who bought small farms and enclosed them so the could make more crops with less workers;by doing this it made it easer to move from city to city

Footloose industry

industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms

Gravity Model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

hinterland

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Primate City Rule

The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

Nonbasic Industries

Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.

Public Services

Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

Range (of a service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

rank-size rule

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Blockbusting/racial steering

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Commuter zone

the outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Density Gradient

density change in an urban area

Edge City

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

entreport

a commercial center where goods are received for distribution, transshipment, or repackaging

Filtering

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Megalopolis/conurbation

A very large city

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

In the US, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, the adjacent counties meeting one of the several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Urban Realms Model

Includes a CBD, central city, new downtown, and suburban downtown.

urban renewal

rebuilding of the poor areas of a city