AP Bio Unit 2

Ribosomes

Synthesize protein according to mRNA sequence

Ribosomes are found in all forms of life, reflecting common ________ of all known life.

Ancestry

______ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) compartmentalizes the cell

Rough

______ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)’s functions include detoxification and lipis synthesis

Smooth

ER provides mechanical ______ and carries out _____ synthesis.

Support, protein

Golgi’s functions include _______ and chemical modifications of proteins and ______ for protein transport

Folding, packaging

Mitochondria have a ______ membrane

Double

______ membrane of mitochondria is smooth

Outer

_____ membrane of mitochondria is convoluted, forming folds

Inner

Mitochondrial double membrane provides compartments for different metabolic ________

Reactions

Lysosomes have enzymes that…. (hydrolyze)

Break down stuff by adding a water molecule

_____ hold and release macromolecules and cellular waste products.

Vacuoles

Chloroplasts are found in photosynthetic algae and plants and contain a ________ _______ membrane

Double outer

The folding of the inner membrane of a cell increases the surface area, allowing ______ ATP to be synthesized

More

Thykaloids and the stroma are found in the

Chloroplast

Grana

Stacks of organized thykaloids

______ occurs in the chloroplast

Photsynthesis

Krebs cycle occurs in the

Matrix of mitochondria

Electron transport and ATP synthesis occur…

The inner mitochondrial membrane

As the cell size increases, the SA:V ratio decreases, decreasing the rate of

Diffusion

___ size, high SA:V ration, high rate of diffusion is ideal for a cell

Low

Phospholipid structure

Polar (hydrophillic) heads facing intra and extracellular environment

Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails facing in towards each other

Hydrophillic embedded proteins have

Charged and polar side groups

Hydrophobic embedded proteins have

Nonpolar side groups

Cell membrane is made up of phospholipid molecules embedded with proteins, steroids, _________, and ______ that flow on the surface of the cell within the membrane.

Glycoproteins, glycolipids

The cell membrane is … (permeability)

Selective permeable

The _____ _____ model ( cell membrane made up of phospholipids, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc.) results in the selective permeability of the membrane.

Fluid mosaic

Small _____ molecules can pass through the membrane freely.

nonpolar

______ substances (large polar molecules and ions) pass through the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins

Hydrophillic

Polar uncharged molecules (like H²O) pass through the membrane in _____ amounts

Small

Cell walls of plants, prokaryotes, and fungi are composed of complex _____.

Carbohydrates

______ transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentrations without ATP (particle transport)

Passive

______ transport required the direct input of energy to move molecules from low to high concentration (particle transport)

Active

2 examples of active transport (we learned in class)

Na+ K+ pump, contractile vacuole

Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration between two areas (intracellular and extracellular)

Exocytosis (Bulk transport)

Large macromolecules are secreted out of the cell

Endocytosis (bulk transport)

Macromolecules are transported into the cell

3 types of endocytosis

Pagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

Cells take in solids,

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

Cell takes in liquids

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor proteins recognize macromolecules and take them into the cell

Membrane proteins are needed for active

Transport

Water potential =

Solute potential + pressure potential

Solute potential=

-iCRT

i=_____, C= _______ R=______, T=______

Ionization constatnt, molar concentration, pressure constant, temperature (in Kelvin)

Internal membranes facilitate cellular processes by minimizing competing interactions and by increasing _______ ______ where reactions can occur.

Surface areas

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were free living prokaryotes, were engulfed by early eukaryotes, evolved to live inside them in a symbiotic relationship.

A hypertonic solution has a _______ water potential than hypotonic

Lower

Hypertonic Solution

Has a higher solute concentration than the cell that’s placed in it

In a hypertonic solution, the cell ________ water

Loses

Hypotonic solution

Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell

In a ______ solution, the cell gains water

Hypotonic

Isonotic solution

Solution concentration is the same for substance and cell

In an isotonic solution, the rate of water into the cell

Is the same as the rate of water out of the cell

Water moves from _____ to _____ (Hyper/hypo/iso)

From hypotonic to hypertonic

Water moves from _____to _____ (High/low water potential)

From high to low potential

Water moves from ______ to ______ (high/low osmolarity)

Low to high osmolarity

Osmolarity

Solution concentration

Sucrose diverges into ___ constants, NaCl diverges into __ constants (i in iCRT)

1, 2