Commercial Revolution

What is mercantilism?

Direct governmental intervention in economic policy (colonies exist to benefit the mother country)

What is a bullion

Precious metals

Examples of bullions

Gold, Platinum, Diamond

What is Bullionism

The idea that more bullion = more wealth which = more power

What is Capitalism

Private ownership of the means of production and distribution (Economically free and owned privately)

What are some new businesses that opened up as the result of the Commercial Revolution?

Banks, Joint Stock Companies, Insurance companies.

First insurance organization

Lloyd’s of London

What are some examples of old “new” banks

“Medici” in Florence & “Fuggers” in Augsburg

What are some old national chartered banks

Bank of Sweden, Bank of London, Bank of Amsterdam

Name 6 effects of the commercial revolution

Inflation, Population growth, increase in world trade, Trade rivalries, economic depression, slave trade

What is the columbian exchange

the two way exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas

What is the 3 field system

A system where a farmer would only use 2 fields at a time while the third field would rest all year. They would then rotate the field.

Was the 3 field system sufficient

No it was inefficient

What is the Enclosure movement

land that was previously shared communally, or used for common purposes was fenced off and converted into privately owned land

Who created crop rotation

Charles “Turnip” Townshend

Who created the seed drill

Jethro Tull

What is the seed drill

Device that allows for seeds to be buried in soil and to be evenly spaced (Allows for more seeds to germinate and less to be wasted)

Are Maize and Potato easier to grow in warm or cold climates

cold climates

What are potatoes rich in

carbohydrates

What is the domestic system

family members, worked at home using materials supplied by an entrepreneur or merchant

What system ended due to the commercial and agricultural revolution

the guild system

Name of famous Chinese navigator

Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

Name of famous Arab navigator

Shihab al

What Dynasty conquered Zheng He’s province

Ming Dynasty

What was Zheng He made when his province was captured

a court eunuch

How many times did Zheng He sail

7

Estimate of ships in Zheng He’s fleet

40

How many people sailed in Zheng He’s fleet

over 27,000

Ibn Majid was the first Arab explorer to do what

describe the southern coast of Africa

Where did the Compass come from

China

Where did the Lateen Sail come from

Muslim world

Where did the Sternpost Rudder & Square Hull come from

China

Where did the Triple

Mast ships come from

Who did the Chinese trade with

Portuguese, Dutch, Japanese

Why did the Ming dynasty stop their maritime trade with other empires

Their resources were going into fighting the Mongols and expanding the Great Wall

Two reasons why exploration was wanted

Need/want for silver and gold & to convert natives to Christianity

How many times did Columbus go back to the colonies

3

How did Columbus treat the native

Cruelly

Columbus

First European to find the New World (he thought it was India)

Amerigo Vespucci

Realized that the Americas weren’t Asia, America was named after him.

Balboa

First European to have seen or reached the Pacific Ocean from the new world

Magellan

His fleet made it all around the world, first European to sail across the Pacific

Ponce de Leon

Looked for the Fountain of Youth in what is present

Cortez

Arrived in Tenochtitlan, helped the Mayans conquer the Aztecs and eventually conquered the Aztec empire. (Also met a woman named Malinche)

Pizarro

Conquered the Incan empire

Treaty that marked the territory of Portugal and Spain in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas

Line that shows the territory of Portugal and Spain

Line of Demarcation

First Global Empire (First empire to go across seas)

Portuguese Empire

Name of Portuguese plantation system

donatario system

System of colonization used by the Spanish Empire

encomienda system

Land owned by the Spanish empire was owned by

viceroys

Encomienda

Son of a noble would go to America and get a piece of land. The Native Americans on the land had to work for the noble. The noble had to convert them to Christianity

Dutch achieved independence from

Catholic Spain

Dutch competed against

Spain and Portugal

The Dutch were

Free traders

Some French colonies were modern

day: Canada, Louisiana, New Orleans, Haiti

What did the French exploit in Haiti

It’s sugar

Common things the French would bring from the Americas to the French

furs and timber

Who tried to attack and conquer the British empire

Spain

Where did the British establish well populated colonies

Eastern North America

Peninsulares

Spaniard born in Spain but moved to the colonies

Creoles

White children of peninsulares who were born in the Americas

Mestizos

Mixed race people, children of whites and natives

Mulattos

Mixed race children of whites and africans brought to the Americas as slaves

Moluccas

Island chain in present

Prince Henry/Henry the Explorer

Prince of Portugal who sponsored exploration. His navigators claimed islands west of Portugal and had seized land in North Africa.

What were some reasons that Prince Henry captured Portugal

to convert Africans and find the sources of the riches of Muslim traders

Cartographers

map makers

Diaz

rounded the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who led a ten

Who was the king and queen of Spain that gave Columbus the authority to go on his expedition

Ferdinand and Isabella

What day did Columbus arrive in the Americas

Oct. 12th 1492

Strait of Magellan

passage Magellan used when sailing through the Pacific

Where did Magellan’s crew end up at first

The Spice Islands (Moluccas)

Where did Magellan’s crew eventually end up

The Philippines (also where Magellan was killed)

Circumnavigate

to sail across the world

What African coastal cities were attacked by the Portuguese

Mombasa & Malindi (They took over these cities because they were trading centers)

Plantations

large estates which crops grow run by an owner or an owner’s overseer

What were some goods that were traded for slaves

textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons, and gunpowder

Affonso I

ruler of Kongo who spoke up against the African slave trade. He wanted the Portuguese to help convert Kongo into a Christian state (This appeal failed)

Almany of Futa Toro

(almany from the Arabic words meaning religious leader & Futa Toro being present

What was some results seen throughout Africa of the slave trade?

small city states disappearing, African rulers fighting each other to dominate the slave trade.

Asante kingdom

kingdom in present

Osei Tutu

military leader of the Asante kingdom. Declared his kingdom was unified by heaven in order to inspire the people of his kingdom to fight against the Denkyera

Denkyera

A powerful enemy kingdom to the Asante people

Monopoly

exclusive control of a business or industry.

Oyo empire

(present

Cape Town

First European settlement. Settled by the Dutch. In the East Indies.

Boers

Dutch farmers that believed they were elected or chosen by God. look on Africans as inferiors.

African Association

English organization that sponsored explorers to go to Africa

Afonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese general who commanded Portugal into the Indian Ocean

How did the Mughal empire establish a partnership with the Portuguese

Portugues promised the Europeans would be on their side.

Who island off the coast of India did the Portuguese seize

Goa

Malacca

port in the East Indies that the Portuguese took over. They massacred the Muslims there. Later captured by the Dutch

What was the Portuguese’s religious impact

They had little to no impact in Africa and in Asia and they had converted a low number of people

What other European empire had a dominant presence in Asia

the Dutch

Dutch East India Company

group of wealthy Dutch merchants who had sovereignty in India.

What was one way the Dutch had the upper hand over the Portuguese

They had closer ties with local rulers

When did Spain start to colonize the Philippines

1521

How long did the colonization of the Philippines take

50 years