EQ1- How and why do places vary? In depth study of a local place + a contrasting one

Economic activity can be classified by…

Sector

Type of employment

Employment types examples

Part time

Flexitime

Job sharing

Sub contract

Zero hours contract

Teleworking/ hotdesking

Freelance

Self-employment

Economic sector examples

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Quinary

Part time

A person works only some hours, so study or family can be combined with work

Flexitime

Workers can choose start and finish times within set limits

Job sharing

2 people share the same job, so one full time job is shared

Sub contract

Taking on a single job without any commitment to further work once its finished.

Zero hours contract

An arrangement for people to work when it’s available, no fixed hours and no pay if no work

Teleworking/ hotdesking

The ability to use IT to work anywhere and anytime, with no need for a permanent desk in an office.

Freelance

An outside company or self-employed worker can be bought in to get a job done.

Self-employment

Working for oneself rather than for an employer.

Primary sector

Extraction of raw materials: mining, farming

Secondary sector

Manufacturing and processing. iron and steel: car manufacturing

Tertiary sector

Service sector, tourism and banking

Quaternary

High tech research and design

Quinary

Knowledge management, consultancy Leadership/ CEO’s

Show how there are differences in economic activity which is reflected through variation in social factors using data

Millwall, Tower Hamlets

• median house price is £55,000 higher than London average

• employment rate: 73.6 compared to London avg of 69.2

• life expectancy is 83 years compared to E. avg of 81 years

• higher % of L4 qualification (57.2% in Millwall, 37.7% London)

Custom House, Newham

• median house price is £115,000 lower than London avg

• employment rate: 62.8 compared to London avg of 69.2

• life expectancy is 5 years below England avg (76 years compared to 81 years)

• % of no qualifications is 8% higher than London avg

GVA( gross value added)

Contribution to the economy of a producer, industry or sector.

Impact of inequalities of pay in different sectors + types of employment on quality of life

• Where there is a higher GVA(£22,000+), there is more employment in financial + insurance services (higher paying). e.g. SE England

  • there is a higher life expectancy seen in these areas

• where there is lower GVA, there is more employment in manufacturing and agriculture (lower paying). e.g. N England

  • there is a lower % of people reporting good health e.g. N England only has 73.5-78.7% compared to SE England with 84.5-88.1%

In which two ways can a place change overtime?

1. function

2. demographic characteristics

What are the 4 functions

1. administrative: government

2. commercial: office-based e.g. business, banking

3. retail: restaurants, clothing, etc.

4. industrial: transport, factories, ports

2 types of functions

1. Specialist function: historically been in larger settlements (e.g. banks and department stores)

2. Low-order function: tend to be everywhere (e.g. grocery stores or pubs)

Give 3 examples of demographic characteristics

1. age structure

2. gentrification

3. ethnic composition

Gentrification

a change in the social structure of a location. It often improves the social structure but can be seen to be an unfair process.

Steps of gentrification

1. Affluent(wealthy) people move into the area

2. New money in the area leads to the improvement in the place- renovation of buildings, etc.

3. More middle-class people attracted to area, landlords will increase price of rent

4. People who live there before are priced out

5. Overall value of area increases- new resources, businesses

How has the function of Millwall and Custom house changed from 1980?

Millwall

Change from industrial(ports(Vitoria Dock), factories(Chemical works)), dockyards/shipyards to retail(Canary Wharf shopping centre) and commercial(HSBC, J.P. Morgan) +global financial hub

Custom House

Retail: housing, local supermarkets, Residential areas

How has demographic characteristics changed in Millwall + Custom House?

• Millwall: gentrification

  • % of social grades D-E fell from 41-32% from 1980-90 due to more wealthy people moving in with higher paying jobs

• Custom House: Ethnic change

  • 56% white pop. 1991 decreased to 29% in 2011

  • African pop. doubled from 1991-2011

• Newham: age structure

  • under 20yrs: 30% of population

  • 64+: -2.3% change between 2011-2007

  • age 20-64: 13.7% increase between 2011-2007

Reasons for change - with reference to London Docklands

PHYSICAL FACTORS: River Thames silted up + boats getting larger so couldn’t come this far upstream. So Docks moved downstream to Tilbury, away from London

ACCESSIBILITY: Containerisation needed fewer dockers

Manufacturing decline meant portside industries such as food refining closed down

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: Sub-standard housing built in 1950s +60s were built to replace bomb damaged housing from WW2.

How can change be measured?

• employment trends

• demographic changes

• land use changes

• levels of deprivation

Deprivation

The loss of (or access to) services which underpin quality of life.

e.g. housing, income, education, health, transport

What is the IMD?

• Stands for Index of Multiple Deprivation

• ranks deprivation from 1st- most deprived area

• has 7 domains:

  1. Income deprivation- income support, tax credit, disability credit, asylum seeker

  2. Employment deprivation- unemployment benefit, incapability benefit, disability allowance, new deal 18-24s

  3. Health deprivation

  4. Education, skills, training deprivation

  5. barriers to housing

  6. crime

  7. living environment deprivation

• Tower Hamlets ranked 3rd most deprived of 326 districts in England in 2007. This improved to 7th in 2010 and 81st in 2015.

• Millwall is still 7 000 out of 32 000 in most deprived areas in England.

• Custom house is ranked 1 500 out of 32 000 in most deprived areas in England.

Cycle of decline

London Docklands change in data in 1980s

Employment: 30,000 jobs lost, male unemployment 60% (6x UK avg)

Land use: 50% Docklands derelict

Demographics: E London pop. declined 100,000

Deprivation- living environment: 30% housing unsatisfactory for human habitation

Regional + national influences on characteristics of London Docklands

• LDDC(London Docklands development corporation(1981-1998)) aimed to

  • 1. economically regenerate area by attracting private investment

  • 2. physically regenerate space of Docklands to aid the investment

  • 3. improve living conditions and prospects of the community of the Docklands

• LOCAL PLANNING CHANGE: LDDC enterprise zone

  • no corporation tax for 10 years

  • streamlined planning

  • newspaper companies moved from Fleet street to Isle of Dogs 1980

• Transport improvements

  • Roads- £450m Limehouse link connects Docklands to Central London

    — Housing knocked down to build the tunnel

  • Bridges- West India Dock

  • DLR- 1987, cost £73m

    — Didn’t run in evenings + limited on weekends

  • Jubilee line extension

    — subject to delays + finished late in 2000

International + global influences on characteristics of London Docklands

• Transport, containerisation

  • London City Airport- 1987, situated in Royal Docks, used for business flights for quick access to Docklands

• Demographic change

  • migration- ethnic changes, pop. turnover(41-50+% turnover 2007-2009), gentrification

• Deregulation 1980s- International businesses in enterpise zone(TNC’S)

  • growth of financial centre at HSBC, Bank of America

How has economic + social changes influenced people’s identities? (different attitudes towards change)

1. Original pop: don’t want to be kicked out due to house price increase from £50k 2 bedroom flat to 200,000 (1985-1987)- becomes unaffordable. Gentrification replaces low income OG pop with high income new residents- loss of community.

2. Migrating pop: improvement is being seen as employment increased by 57,000 in the UDA from 1981-1998, cultural diversity is improving- seen through demographic change e.g. African pop. doubled from 1991-2011

3. Businesses: improvement is being seen as 41421 employees attracted, no. of firms increased by 1,600 between 1981-1998.