Medical Terminology - Chapter 5

angi/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

ather/o

fatty substance

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o, coron/o

heart

embol/o

plug

fibrin/o

fibers

isch/o

to hold back

myocardi/o

heart muscle

phleb/o

vein

sept/o

wall

son/o

sound

sphygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

thromb/o

clot

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

varic/o

dilated vein

vascul/o

blood vessel

vas/o

vessel

ven/o

vein

ventricul/o

ventricle

venul/o

venule

-cardia

heart condition

-manometer

instrument to measure pressure

-ole

small

-pressor

to press down

-spasm

involuntary muscle contraction

-tension

pressure

-tonic

pertaining to tone

-ule

small

Endocardium

Inner layer

Lines heart chambers

Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers

Myocardium

Middle layer

THICK muscle

Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels

Epicardium

Outer layer

Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac

Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats

pulmon/o

lung

interventricular

pert to ventricles

myocardial

per to heart muscle

valvular

pert to a valve

venous

pert to vein

vascular

pert to blood vessel

ventricular

pert to ventricle

venular

venule

cardiology

diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular system; cardiologist

cardiovascular technologist/technician

trained professionals that perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures like electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests

angiitis

inflammation of a vessel

angiospasm

involuntary contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessel; narrows the vessel

angiostenosis

vessel narrowing

embolus

obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off a thrombus in another site

infarct

area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply

ischemia

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction

murmur

a sound in addition to normal heart sounds; may or may not indicate an abnormality

orthostatic hypotension

sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly

palpitations

pounding, racing heartbeats

plaque

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis

regurgitation

to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through valve

thrombus

blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel

angina pectoris

severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia

cardiac arrest

complete stop of heart activity

cardiomegaly

abnormally large heart

cardiomyopathy

myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcohol abuse; common reason for heart transplant

congenital septal defect (CSD)

hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

congestive heart failure (CHF)

left ventricle muscle is too weak to pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema

coronary artery disease (CAD)

poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack

endocarditis

inflammation of membranes lining the heart; if cause is bacterial, a bacterial colony called vegetation can form

heart valve prolapse

cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allows regurgitation

heart valve stenosis

cusps are too stiff, cant shut tightly; allows regurgitation

myocardial infarction (MI)

occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; heart attack

myocarditis

heart muscle layer inflammation

pericarditis

pericardial sac inflammation

tetralogy of Fallot

combination of 4 congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; IMMEDIATE SURGERY

valvulitis

heart valve inflammation

arrhythmia

irregularity in heart beat or action

bundle branch block (BBB)

electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle of HIS (his) or bundle branches

bradycardia

slow heart rate

fibrillation

serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers; could lead to cardiac arrest

flutter

atria beat too rapidly but maintains a regular pattern

premature atrial contraction (PAC)

atria contracts earlier than they should

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

ventricles contract earlier than they should

tachycardia

fast heart rate

aneurysm

weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries

arteriorrhexis

a ruptured artery

arteriosclerosis

hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls: due to atherosclerosis

atheroma

deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery, bulges into and narrows artery, a plaque

atherosclerosis

most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

severe congenital narrowing of aorta

hemorrhoid

varicose veins in anal region

hypertension (HTN)

high blood pressure; essential or primary HTN is due to CV disease: secondary HTN results from another disease

hypotension

decrease in blood pressure; due to shock or anemia

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel outside heart; symptoms include pain, pallor, blocked circulation

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

polyarteritis

inflammation of several arteries

Raynaud’s phenomenon

periodic ischemic attacks affecting limbs/extremities; esp fingers, toes, ears, toes - become cyanotic, triggered by cold exposure

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein

varicose veins

swollen and distended veins; usually in legs

auscultation

listening to sounds within body using stethoscope

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure

stethoscope

instrument for listening to body sounds

cardia biomarkers

blood test determines lvl of proteins to heart muscles in blood; increase can indicate heart muscle dmg like myocardial infarction