Exam 2

History 1301

Robert Fulton

steamship engine

Eli Whitney

cotton gin

Francis Cabot Lowell

Recreated british loom

John Deere’s

steel plow

Samuel morse

telegraph, morse code

Lexington and Concord(1775)

Shot heard “round the world”: Marked the official start of the reveloution

Battle of Trenton(1776)

Washington’s suprise attack on christmas night: gave a major morale boost and revived the revolutionary cause

Battle of Saratoga(1777)

turning point of the war- The American victory convinced France to openly ally with the U.S

Battle of Yorktown(1781)

final major battle: General Cornwallis surrendered to the U.S, end of war

Cyrus McCormick’s

mechanical reaper

Decleration of Independence(1776)

mainly written by Thomas Jefferson, announced the American colonies seperation from Britain. Listed king George’s Abuses, and based on John Locke’s enlightment ideas, life,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Treaty of Paris(1783)

United states gained independence, America gained Ohio Territory, America had fishing rights off new found land(coast of Canada)

State legislatutres

after independence, state gave power to their legislatures rather than their government.

Articles of Confederation

No power to tax or regulate trade, each state had one vote, could not raise an army.

Northwest ordincaes(1787)

Set up how terrortires became states:banned slavery in the North West. One of the major success of the Articles.

Constitution Convention of 1787

called by Madison and Hamilton: Washington led: Produced a new constitution with three branches and checks and balances, James madison primary writer of the constitution

U.S constitution

James Madiosn was the primary author, Legislative, Executive & Judicial branch. Going to organize the nation into the Federal Republic.

solved the representation problem

Great Comprimse

What two things helped ratify the constitution?

Federalist Papers, but mostly bill of Rights

Federalists

(Hamilton)- strong central gov, favored business, implied interprentation

Democratic- Republicans

(Jefferson)- states’ rights, favored agriculture, expressed interprentaion

George Washington’s Presidency

set the standard of two terms, neutral on european affairs, accepted a salary, Created the cabinet: Jefferson(state), Hamilton(treasury), Knox(war)

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

federal assumption of debt, national bank, and tariffs to build Industry

Hamilton’s financial plan

Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan was made to fix the nation’s money problems and build a strong federal government. His plan included paying off all national debts, having the federal government take over state debts, and creating a national bank to hold money and make loans. He studied other countries’ systems and wrote reports to Congress explaining his ideas. When people like Thomas Jefferson said the bank was unconstitutional, Hamilton argued that the Constitution allowed it under the “necessary and proper” clause. Jefferson and his supporters agreed to the plan after a deal was made to place the new U.S. capital in the South, along the Potomac River. In the end, Hamilton’s plan worked because it improved the nation’s credit, helped the economy grow, and showed that the Constitution gave the government enough power to succeed.Ha

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers rebelled over whiskey tax; Washington response proved this new form of government worked.

Quasi War

undeclared naval war with France over trade tension, ended peacefully.

Washington Farewell Address

1. don’t make politcal parties

2. don’t get involved in political parties

John Adam’s Presidency

-would face criticism from Jefferson and DRs

-Alien and sedition acts restricted speech and immigrants; made Adams Unpopular

Election of 1800

ended with a tie of the electoral college between Jefferson and Burr, House of represenatives has to vote, Hamilton tells the federalists to vote for Jefferson. This leads to Burr killing Hamilton on a duel later on

Thomas Jefferson’s presidency

ended whiskey tax, cut down military spending(kinda). Favored small gov and expressed interprentation but expanded power with Louisiana purchase

Lousiana Purchase(1803)

brought from France, doubled U.S size, secured Mississippi River

Embargo Act (1807)

halted all trade with France and Britian in attempt to bring them to negotiate, hurt cities and farmers.

Tecumseh & Tippencanoe

Shawnee Native leader who resisted U.S expansion, defeated at Tippencanoe, found proof the British were arming Natives.

Causes of War of 1812

British Impressment, arming Natives, and U.S desire for Canada

Key Battles of war of 1812

Lake Erie(1813), Burning of D.C(1814), Battle of Baltimore(1814), Battle of New Orleans(1815)

Why did America feel victorious

showed America can go toe to toe with Britain: boosted nationalism & unity- “Second War of Independence”

James Monroe Presidency

Remembered for National Unity and foreign policy sucess. Monroe Doctrine and Adams-Onis treaty

Monroe Doctrine

declared any European attempt to “recolonize” would be seen as an act of war on the U.S. backed by Britain.

Adams-Onis Treaty(1819)

set an official border between Mexico and the U.S, gave florida to the U.S

How did the Industrial Revelotion reach the U.S

Samuel Slater Brought Advanced water driven technology to the U.S

Roads & Canals

Cumberland Road(National Highway), Erie canal connected NY to Lake Erie, boosted trade and westward expansion

Immigrant groups

Irish and German

Germans

will leave because of political unrest in 1848, skilled laborers, brought kindergarden to America

Irish

led to oppression from Britian, unskilled workes mostly in cities.

Constitution and Representation Problem

The main problem with representation in the legislative branch was whether states should have equal representation or representation based on population. The Virginia Plan, supported by large states, called for representation based on population, while the New Jersey Plan, backed by small states, wanted equal representation for each state. Roger Sherman from Connecticut proposed the Great Compromise, which created a two-house Congress: the Senate with equal representation and the House of Representatives based on population. The compromise also included the Three-Fifths Compromise, counting enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation were created in 1777 and became the first constitution of the United States. They gave most governing power to the states, leaving the federal government very weak with no power to tax or enforce laws, because Americans feared a strong central authority like Britain’s. The Articles government struggled with debt, lack of unity, no national army, and no power to regulate trade or collect taxes. However, it did achieve some successes, such as passing the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which organized western lands and set rules for new states. The government’s weakness was exposed during Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787), when it failed to stop farmers’ uprisings over taxes and debt, proving the Articles had failed and leading to the Constitutional Convention to create a stronger government.

Quasi War

Relations with France worsened under President Washington because the French Revolution led to war between France and Britain, and France expected U.S. help under the 1778 alliance treaty. Washington argued that the U.S. did not have to join the war because the treaty had been made with the old French monarchy, not the new revolutionary government, and he issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793. A major diplomatic conflict followed when French envoy Edmond Genêt tried to recruit Americans to fight for France, and later, under President Adams, the XYZ Affair occurred when French officials demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats. In response, Adams strengthened the U.S. Navy and authorized limited sea fighting against France in what became known as the Quasi-War. The conflict ended with the Convention of 1800, where both nations agreed to end their alliance and restore peaceful trade.

Virginia Plan

based on state population, favored by large states, two houses of congress, called for a stronger national government, proposed by James Madison

New Jersey Plan

each state has one vote, favored by small states, one house of congress, similar to articles of confederation, proposed by William Patterson

Great Compromise(conneticut plan)

created a two house congress, senate each state has one vote, and HOR based on population.

Three Fifths Comprimise

counted three-fifths of a state's enslaved population toward its total population

French Revolution

was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the Coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 and expected America to ally with them.

1778 Alliance Treaty

defensive alliance between France and the United States during the American Revolutionary War support for the American cause, recognizing U.S. independence and committing both nations to a mutual defense against Great Britain.

XYZ Affair

French Agents demand bribes from U.S diplomats

Convention of 1800

Ends Quasi War, both nations agreed to end their alliance and restore trade.

Why the articles were weak

America was scared to have a strong central governemnt due to Britian

weakness of the articles

couldn’t tax, could’t raise an army

Shays rebellion

war vets revolt over not being paid, since they cant raise an army, The govenor of Massachussets has to send letters to rich merchants to hire war veterans from Rhode Island and Conneticut to put down this rebellion.

What steps did Hamilton take in preperation for His Plan

Hamilton prepared his plan by studying European financial systems and presenting detailed reports to Congress, including the Report on Public Credit and the Report on a National Bank. Hamilton citing the “necessary and proper clause”

What proved Hamilton’s plan to be a success

stabalized national economy

Effect of shays rebellion

shows proof that the articles are failing and sparks discussiion that the system needs to be reformed.