Bio (plants)

How are seeds dispersed?

Wind, Water, Animals external fertilization, Animals internally

What is the light cycle?

occurs in thylakoid membrane, uses solar energy, splits water into hydrogen ions, excites electrons with chlorophyll that creates high energy compounds used in the calvin cycle. Releases O2 into the air

5 factors that effect transpiration?

Temperature, Humidity, Wind, Soil moisture, Leaf surface area

Dicot root structure?

Xylem is x-shaped and a solid strand, phloem is arranged in separate strands around xylem. pith in the centre

Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms

Angiosperms they die in winter and consist of grasses flowers palm trees

Gymnosperms live during the winter months usually have needles (naked seeds), they produce cones and lack flowers

Monocot vs. Dicot

Monocot: Only one cotyledon, the cotyledon is thin and lacks food material, endosperm present and stores food

Dicot: 2 cotyledons, cotyledons are fleshy and store food, endosperm absent

Stem, Roots, Leaves, Seeds and Flowers in monocots

Vascular bundles spread out everywhere

Fibrous root system (spider web)

Veins in leaves are parallel

One cotyledon 

Floral parts in multiples of 3

Stem, Roots, Leaves, Seeds and Flowers in dicots

Vascular bundles arranged in a ring 

Tape root (straight down)

Viens netlike (maple tree)

2 cotyledons 

Floral parts usually in multiples of four and five 

What is a node?

Nodes: hold leaves and buds that grow into branches

what is an internode?

Internodes: Are the spaces in between the nodes

functions of the stem

Support, Transport, Storage, Reproduction

Dermal tissue in stems?

Outer surface of the stem, used to waterproof, protect and control gas exchange (epidermis)

Provides long distance transport and structural support 

Vasular tissue of the stem (xylem and phloem)

Ground tissue of the stem

Mainly parenchyma cells that photosynthesis, functions as storage and support

What is a pith?

ground tissue in the center of the stem (in herbaceous dicots)

what is a cortex

It is the outermost layer and composed of parenchyma cells

what is Vascular cambium

A meristematic cell that produce a secondary xylem and phloem in woody dicots

Woody Dicots

Stems thicken instead of englonagte, the cortex and epidermis are usually destroyed, secondary stops transporting and when becomes structural support which we call bark

Herbacous dicots

Don’t grow very tall,  have primary growth caused by cell division 

What are xylems composed of?

Tracheids and vessel elements

What are xylems in general?

Thick walled, dead at maturity, rich in lignin a carbohydrate for strong cells

What are Tracheids?

cylindrical cell with tapered ends, cell walls have pits that allows water and solutes to pass through and enter the neighboring xylem

What are Vessel elements?

short wide cells with less tapered ends, have end walls with openings to let water and solutes pass through

What makes up phloem?

Seive tubes and Companion cells

What are seive tubes?

have cytoplasms but lack many cell organelles, end walls are called sieve plates which allow sugars to pass through to other phloem cells. 

What are companion cells?

Always with sieve tube elements, has a nucleus, has pores connecting the two 

What are the four functions of roots?

anchors, absorption, storage, transportation

What is the root cap?

\
produce a mucus like substance which lubricates the movement of root through the soil

what are root hairs?

Increase surface area of absorption of nutrients and water 

What is the cortex in the root?

 transports the water and minerals to the vascular cylinder

what is the Endodermis?

inner waxy layer

what are adventitious roots?

Occurs in both types of plants, protrudes from some other organ

Monocot root structure?

Separate strand of xylems, and phloem alternate around a pith like region

Root pressure method for transportation?

The water is brought through the roots via osmosis, the lower pressure in the roots attracts the water. As water continues to enter the root cells, the positive pressure potential increases within the xylem tissue. This positive pressure is known as root pressure. It pushes the water up the stem.

Leaf pull method for transportation?

Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from the aerial parts of a plant, primarily through the stomata in the leaves. It is driven by evaporation of water from the leaf surface and the subsequent movement of water vapor through the stomata. This happens from cohesion and adheasion.

What is diffusion?

Molecules move from a high area of concentration to a low area of concentration. Occurs through a membrane usually between the phloem and xylem to push glucose down to the roots

What is osmosis?

 is the movement of water molecules from a permeable membrane, this happens through the root hairs. High to low pressure

Transportation of nutrients?

The glucose molecules are in the leaf and need active transport to enter the sieve tubes. The increased sugar concentration requires water to diffuse into the phloem.  The water pushes the glucose down and it is then stored in the roots for later use.

Function of a leaf?

Photosynthesis. Uses carbon dioxide and makes glucose and oxygen

Whats dermal tissue in leaves?

Epidermis. Outer protective layer of polygonal cells, secrets a waxy substance that forms a coating, the cuticle on the surface of the leaf. This allows them to retain water

What is vasular tissue in leaves?

To transport the products and reactants for photosynthesis. Incases the phloem and xylem so they can bring materials to the leaves. They extend throughout the mesophyll layer so that they can come close to the parts that perform photosynthesis.

What is the ground tissue in leaves?

Found in the mesophyll of a leaf. It contains chloroplasts and is the main site of photosynthesis

What is the calvin cycle?

Takes place within the stroma, it's the dark cycle. Uses the high energy compounds from the light cycle to drive the dark cycle. Intakes CO2 to combine with other compounds in order to form glucose. 

What is Phototropism?

Stems grow towards light (+), Roots grow away from light(-)

What is Gravitropism?

Roots grow with gravity (+), Stems grow against gravity (-)

what is Thigmotropism?

Growth in response to touch?

How do plants adapt in wetlands?

Floating leaves with stomata on upper surface, chlorophyll on upper epidermis for photosynthesis, hollow stem for bouncy and gas diffusion, floating seeds.

How do plants adapt in the desert?

store water in stems, no leaves or small seasonal leaves (helps reduce water loss), Green stems, long roots, leaves with hair to shade the plant.spines, waxy coating, slower growing

How do plants adapt to extreme cold?

Small and slow growing, dark so they can absorb heat, grow in clumps or have hairs to stay warm

How do plants adapt to poor soil?

Eat insects, absorb water and minerals form xylem and phloem

How do plants adapt to shade?

Bloom early, rapid growth, have broad leaves, use more soil nutrients 

What is a Radicle?

Pushes down and forms roots

What is a Hypocotyl?

Pushes up to form stem

What are the Epicotyl and cotyledon?

grows upward to form leaves

What is the Order of germination?

* Heat and moisture
* Gibberllen 
* Water is absorbed oxygen diffuses into seed
* Radicle emerges and becomes a root 
* Hypoctoal emerges and becomes stem 
* Cotyledon form temporary leaf
* The true leave develop and plant matures

\

What is the role of auxins?

Produced in stem roots, tips and buds. Encourages growth, causes plant to grow tall and straight

What is the role of Gibberellins?

Promotes seed fermentation, Increases fruit size, Promote growth

What is the role of Cytokinins?

Promotes division and differentiation, found in growing area of plant, promotes seed germination, prevents aging

What is the role of Ethylene?

Ripens fruit and causes leaves to change color

what is the role of Abscisic acid?

inhibits growth, induces dormancy, causes leaves to fall, opening and closing of stomata

What does nitrogen do?

Component of protien in DNA, Promotes green growth

what happens when a plant has a nitrogen deficiency?

yellow foliage, flowers stunted growth

What does phosphorus do?

componet of DNA, root and flower growth

What happens with a deficiency of phosphorus?

a dying plant and overall stunted plant

What does potassium do?

Controls water movement, promotes water intake

what happens when there a deficiency of potassium?

Poor root systems and weak stalks

What does Iron do?

maintenance of chlorophyll in plants

What happens if a plant has a deficiency in iron?

yellowish tissue between the veins of leaves

What does Zinc do?

essential for enzyme reactions (function of chloroplasts)

what happens when there is a deficiency of zinc?

a deficiency can kill fruit and flowers on the plant

What does copper do in the plant?

root metabolism, reproduction

What are the male structures of a plant?

Stamen, Ather, Filament

What are the female structures of a plant?

Pistil: Stigma, style, Ovary, Receptacle, pedicle

What are the general reproductive structures of a plant?

Sepal and Flower

What does the ather do?

produces and contains sperm/pollen

what does the filament do?

holds ather above flower

What does stimga do?

where pollen attaches

What does the style do?

 holds stigma above flower, carry pollen down a tube to fertilize egg

What does the ovary do?

Produces egg to become seed

What does the Receptacle do?

attach flower to stem

what does a Pedicle do?

lifts flower above leafs to access to pollinators