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LTM
Long-term memory; retains information for extended periods.
STM
Short-term memory; temporarily holds information.
Serial Position Effects
Recall influenced by word position in a list.
Primacy Effect
Better recall for items at the list's beginning.
Recency Effect
Better recall for items at the list's end.
Neuropsychological Evidence for LTM vs STM
Distinct brain regions for LTM and STM.
Patient HM
Impaired LTM but intact STM by surgically removing hippocampus; thus, hippocampus affects LTM
Patient KF
Impaired STM with intact LTM from parietal lobe damage.
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new long-term memories.
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to recall old memories.
Explicit Memory
Consciously aware memories.
Episodic Memory
Memory for personal events and experiences.
Episodic Memory Example
What did you eat for breakfast?
Semantic Memory
Memory for facts and general knowledge.
Semantic Memory Example
Who is the President of the United States?
What type of brain damage did Patient KC have?
Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding structures
What type of memory is impaired in Patient KC?
Episodic memory
What type of memory remains intact in Patient KC?
Semantic memory
What is the association of the hippocampus based on Patient KC's case?
The hippocampus is associated with episodic memory
What type of memory is impaired in patient LP?
Semantic memory
What type of memory is intact in patient LP?
Episodic memory
What can patient LP remember regarding life events?
Recent and past life events
What specific difficulty does patient LP have with a grocery list?
Couldn't remember the meaning of words
Brain Imaging Evidence for episodic vs semantic memory
Different brain structures for episodic and semantic memory.
Decay of Memories
Episodic details decay faster than semantic details.
Personal Semantic Memories
Facts tied to personal experiences, which shows how episodic and semantic memories interact
Recollection
Remembering specific experiences and contexts.
Familiarity
Recognizing something without specific context.
What is the procedure for Remember/Know tasks?
Participants are presented with stimuli that they have encountered before.
What does 'Remember' indicate in the Remember/Know procedure?
I have encountered the stimulus before and remember the circumstances of the encounter.
What are the components of 'Remember' in the Remember/Know procedure?
Recollection and familiarity, including episodic components.
What does 'Know' indicate in the Remember/Know procedure?
I have encountered the stimulus before, but I don't remember when or how.
What type of memory is associated with 'Know' in the Remember/Know procedure?
Familiarity only, mainly semantic.
What does 'Don't Know' indicate in the Remember/Know procedure?
I don't know if I have encountered the stimulus before, indicating neither recollection nor familiarity.
Implicit Memory
Memories we are not consciously aware of
Procedural Memory
Memory for performing practiced skills
Procedural Memory Example
playing an instrument
Priming
presentation of one stimulus (priming stimulus) changes the way a person responds to another stimulus (test stimulus)
Repetition Priming
test stimulus is the same as the priming stimulus
Repetition Priming Ex.
dog and dog: repetition of dog (same stimulus); makes you think of dog later on
Associative Priming
Related concepts activate each other in memory.
Associative Priming Ex.
dog and cat: activate related concepts; dog relates to cat; must be related concepts; not repeated
Conditioning
Neutral stimulus paired with response-eliciting stimulus.
