HOSA ATC

1. acetic acid: a clear, colorless organic acid, CH3COOH, with a distinctive pungent

odor, used as a solvent and in the manufacture of rubber, plastics, acetate fibers,

pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals. Also known as vinegar.

2. acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen) stain: a bacterial staining procedure in which application of acid-alcohol does not cause decolorization, maintaining a dark stain.

3. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a late-stage infection with the

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

4. active immunity: a type of immunity that can be produced artificially by vaccination or naturally by a person becoming ill with a particular disease.

5. acute bronchitis: a short, severe attack of bronchitis, with fever and a productive

cough.

6. acute cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder.

7. adaptive immune response: immune mechanisms that "learn" to deal with

specific invaders.

8. aerobic: in the presence of oxygen.

9. airborne precautions: set of precautions to prevent transmission of infectious

agents that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air.

10. airborne transmission: a transmission mechanism in which the infectious

agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory

tract.

11. amebiasis: an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Entamoeba

histolytica invading the colon causing colitis, acute dysentery, or long-term (chronic)

diarrhea; may also spread to other areas of the body.

12. aminoglycosides: a group of antibiotics used to treat certain bacterial infections; primarily aerobic, gram-negative bacteria.

13. anaerobic: in the absence of oxygen.

14. antibiotic: a natural or synthetic substance that destroys microorganisms or

inhibits their growth to prevent or treat infection in plants, animals, and humans.

15. antibody: a substance produced by a B lymphocyte in response to a unique

antigen, which it can then combine with to destroy or control it.

16. antifungal drugs: destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or

growth; effective against fungal infections.

17. antigen-presenting cells (APCs): a group of immunocompetent cells that mediate cellular immune response by engulfing, processing, and presenting antigens

to the T-cell receptor. Traditional

18. antigen: presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans

cells, and B lymphocytes.

19. antitubercular drugs: any agent or group of drugs used to treat tuberculosis;

at least two drugs, and usually three, are

20. required in various combinations in pulmonary tuberculosis therapy.:

21. antiviral drug: a drug that can destroy viruses and help treat illnesses caused

by them.appendicitis—inflammation and infection of the appendix.

22. artificial immunity: deliberate exposure of antigen to develop immunity such as

in immunizations.

23. asepsis: a condition free from germs, infection, and any form of life.

24. asexual reproduction: without sex; a mode of reproduction in which offspring

arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only, making the

offspring a genetic copy.

25. Aspergillus: a genus of fungi comprising more than 600 species of molds, some

of which can cause human disease.

26. aspiration pneumonia: bronchopneumonia that develops due to entrance of

foreign materials into the tracheobronchial tree; usually consists of oral or regurgitated gastric contents.

27. atypical pneumonia: organisms that cannot be cultured with standard microbiological media or techniques, and do not respond to treatment with penicillins or

other antibiotics classically used for typical pneumonia.

28. autoclave: a strong, pressurized, steam-heated vessel, as for laboratory experiments, sterilization, or cooking.

29. automated: to install automatic procedures.

30. avian flu: highly contagious viral disease caused by influenza A virus subtypes

H5 and H7; also known as bird flu.

31. bacilli: a genus of gram-positive, spore-forming, often aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae that exist singly or in

32. chains and mostly inhabit soil or water.:

33. bactericidal: capable of killing bacteria.

34. bacteriology: scientific study of bacteria.

35. bacteriostatic: inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

36. B cell: a type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrow, that circulates in the

blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates

into a clone of plasma cells that secrete a specific antibody and a clone of memory

cells that make the antibody on subsequent encounters.

37. beta-lactams: any of a class of antibiotics that is structurally and pharmacologically related to the penicillins and cephalosporins.

38. binary fission: method of asexual reproduction in which DNA is replicated and

the cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells.

39. biological liquid waste: a liquid that contains or has been contaminated by a

biohazardous agent.

40. biological vector: a vector that is essential in the life cycle of a pathogenic

organism.

41. bioterrorism: the use of biological warfare agents against civilian populations.

42. blastomycosis: a rare infection caused by inhalation of the fungus Blastomyces

dermatitidis which may produce inflammatory lesions of the skin or lungs or a

generalized invasion of the skin, lungs, bones, central nervous system, kidneys,

liver, and spleen.

43. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard: extensive, detailed regulations to be practiced by employers and employees to prevent occupational exposure

44. to harmful pathogens.:

45. blood cultures: a microbiological culture of blood employed to detect infections

that are spreading through the bloodstream.

46. broad-spectrum drug: drug that acts on a wide range of disease-causing

bacteria.

47. bronchiolitis: inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchioles.

48. broth dilution: process of taking a known concentration and doing several serial

dilutions to determine the lowest concentration needed to

49. inhibit or kill bacteria.:

50. capsid: the protein covering around the central core of a virus that protects the

nucleic acids in the core and promotes attachment of the virus to

51. susceptible cells.:

52. capsule or slime layer: a sheath or continuous enclosure around an organ or

structure.

53. carbapenem: a subtype of beta-lactam antibiotics, including imipenem and

meropenem, which are effective against a wide

54. range of bacteria.:

55. catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs): bloodstream infections

related to the invasive introduction of a peripheral or central catheter.

56. cell membrane: a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer that separates the interior of cells from the outside environment and controls movement into and out of the

cell.

57. cellulitis: inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissues.

58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): federal agency under

the Department of Health and Human Services that serves to protect public health