Greek History Exam 2

According to Morely, there are two types of history writing: _____ and ____. People tend to regard ____ as fiction, but _____ as more factual. Which type of history writing does Herodotus write? _____

Narrative, analytical, narrative, analytical, both

Morely argues that all history writing is ______ because it is intended to persuade the reader of a specific version of events

rhetorical

Dewald identifies four aspects of Herodotus’ style. Which of the following are aspects of Herodotus’ style?

a) dates of archons and Olympic victors provided at the beginning of each book

b) parataxis

c) associative thinking

d) ring composition

e) a preference for social rather than political or military history

f) strong opening and concluding sentences at the start and end of individual stories.

b) parataxis

c) associative thinking

d) ring composition

f) strong opening and concluding sentences at the start and end of individual stories.

Who wa the king of Persia during each of the following books of Herodotus’ Histories? Book one: ______. Book Two and Book Three: ____. The rest of Book Three and Books 4-6: ____. Books 7-9: ____

Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes

Who is being discussed in the following story told by Herotous? ____

“The Phoenicians say they did not hsave to resort to take her to Egypt…So this is what the Persians and Phoenicians say.” Why is Herodotus telling this story?

a) he is interested in gossip, and his history contains many stories that are reflective of this

b) he highlights a series of kidnappings of women to explain the origins of the conflict between east and west

c) to demonstrate the frivolity of the conflict between east and west

d) to complicate history and origins

Io

a) he is interested in gossip, and his history contains many stories that are reflective of this

d) to complicate history and origins

Why does Herodotus say that he will discuss major and minor human settlements equally?

a) important cities in the past have diminished in significance, and less important citiies in the past are now important

b) human happiness never remains in the same place for long

c) he feels he has an obligation to discuss everything he has seen and been told

a) important cities in the past have diminished in significance, and less important citiies in the past are now important

b) human happiness never remains in the same place for long

Common magistrates in the early archaisc period include the following: a leader called an ____, a presiding officer called a _____, a _____ who was in charge of military operations. In addition city-states often had a council or a_____ that had power over magistrates, made policies, and drafted laws. The _____ consisted of all adult male citizens, but in some city-states there was a property qualification.

archon, prytanis, polemarch, boule, assembly

A group of people consisting of extended family and less prestiigious families who supported them is called a _____. In city-states there were often several of these that competed for political offices and control of the council.

genos

Tyrants become increasingly popular due to the violent struggles between

a) brothers

b) the rich and the poor

c) aristocractic genos competing for office

c) aristocractic genos competing for office

A violent struggle between groups within a city-state is called _____. Because membership between these groups was hereditary, this violence could last many generations until a ____ claimed power, thereby ending the conflict. 

stasis, tyrant

The following passage written by _____ is important because it preserves the earliest reference to ___. “The possessions of Gyges rich in gold are of no concern to me…I have no love of tyranny. That is beyond my sights.”

Archilochus, tyranny

The following passage is written by ____. “A tyrant is set up among the demos and the multitude agains t the notables….For nearly all tyrants have arisen from among the demagogues, so to speak, after gaining trust by slandering the notables.”

Aristotle

Polykrates (ruled 535-525 BCE) was the tyrant of ____. What event led Amasis, the king of Egypt, to believe the following: “Polycrates was fated to die miserably. He therefore sent a herald to Samos to dissolve their guest friendship….when great and dreadful disaster overwhelmbed Polycrates”

Samos

Cypselus was the tyrant of ______, and his son was _____

Corinth, Periander

Poetry accompanied by a _____ is called lyric poetry. Elegiac poetry accompanied by an _____.

Lyre, aulos

Pederasty was practiced by ____ classes and describes a relationship between a man who ist the ____ and the eromenos, a younger boy who has not yet grown ____

upper, erastes, facial hair

Archilochus’ poetry reflects ____ ideals, as do the poems of ____.

middle class, Hipponax

____ was a lyric poet who was invited to Samos by Polykrates and then went to Athens. His poetry expresses aristocratic sentiments.

Anacreon

There are roughly 1400 lines attributed to the poet ______. His poems are considered to be a handbook for the elite. Many of these poems focus on his relationship with Cyrnus, his ______

Theognis, eromenos

Sappho wrote poetry in the 7th century and lived on the island of _____. Unlike poetry written by men, in Sappho’s poems love is not an act of ____, but can be

a) mutually rewarding

b) platonic

c) disastrous

d) secret

Lesbos, domination

a) mutually rewarding

While in poetry written by men, meadows are dangerous for women, in Sappho’s poetry, meadows are

a) not discussed

b) sensual

c) locations where young women meet to discuss matters of the heart

b) sensual

Pre-Socratic philosophers tend to focus on which of the following

a) the origins of things

b) rhetoric and language 

c) a single, original substance from which everything is formed

d) natural phenomena

a) the origins of things

c) a single, original substance from which everything is formed

d) natural phenomena

In this passage, Herodotus describes a conflict that ended when the pre-Socratic philosopher named ____ of Miletus predicted ___. “War broke out between the Lydians and the Medes…an engagement took place and it so happened that in the middle of the battle day suddenly became night.”

Thales, an eclipse

_____ was a pre-Socratic philosopher who was born on the island of Samos but left during the tyranny of Polykrates. He and his followers lived in Southern Italy. Which of the following is true?

a) he was interested in geometry and mathematics

b) he believed that the earth was a sphere in the center of a series of hollow spheres

c) he had three wives

d) he was a vegetarian

a) he was interested in geometry and mathematics

b) he believed that the earth was a sphere in the center of a series of hollow spheres

Sporting events were either ____ in which winners received a crown, or _____ in which winners received prizes

stephanitic, chrematitic

The panhellenic games that comprised of the periodos (circuit) were the ____, ____, ___, and ____ games

Olympic, Delphic, Isthmian, and Nemean

The most prestigious and oldest event in the Olympic games was ____

the stadion

While women did not participate in the Olympic games, Kyniska, daughter of King Archidamus of Sparta, became the first woman to win an Olympic event in 396 by entering:

a) her chariot

b) her slaves into the stadion

c) the stadion herself in disguise as a man

a) her chariot

In Athens, young girls participated in footraces in honor of ___. In these contests, young girls dressed up as ___

Artemis, bears

Every fourth year, young girls ran footraces at Olympia in honor of ___. According to Pausanias, this race was a sixth shorter than the men’s races.

Hera

Art in the archaic period was influenced by ____ and . This period is referred to as ___

Egypt, Near East, the “Orientalizing Period”

The ____ and ____ statues which feature young people with archaic smilies were heavily influenced by statues from ___. These states were frequently used as:

a) grave markers

b) offerings to gods and goddesses

c) as decorative features as the entrance to houses

kore, kouros

a) grave markers

b) offerings to gods and goddesses

Under the leadership of Cypselus, Corinth dominated trade in ____

pottery

The Spartans enslaved those living in the Laconian plain. These individuals who were state owned slaves were known as ____. These slaves outnumbered the Spartans by a ratio as high as seven to one. At birth, each Spartan citizen was awarded a ____ which came with _____ to work the land and produce goods. Providing each male citizen with these allowed the Spartans to maintain the illusion that they were ____.

helots, kleros, helots, homoioi

The ______ lived in the vicinity of Sparrta. Unlike Spartan citizens these individuals were permitted to:

a) eat hot meals

b) live with whomever they wished

c) have sex with other men’s wives

d) handle money and precious metals

perioeci

d) handle money and precious metals

During the ______ in the third quarter of the eighth century, the Spartans conquered the _____. Some of those conquered became ____ and others became ____.

First Messenian War, Messenians, helots, perioeci

After the Battle of Hysiae in 669 BCE, the ____ revolted, leading to the ____. The Spartans won this war, but the threat of a future rebolt led to changes in Spartan society.

Messenians, Second Messenian War

Thucydides dates Spartan reforms to the end of the ninth century, and other ancient writers to the tenth century. While we can’t date the reforms of the Spartan lawgiver ____, we do know that they were in place by the seventh or early sixth century. The reforms wre given to the lawgiver by the Delphic oracle and were known as ____.

Lycurgus, The Great Rhetra

Many Greek peopel found Spartan woman strange because

a) they were well nourished

b) they exercised regularly

c) they had sex with men who were not their husbands

d) they wore clothing that revealed their thighs

e) all of the above

e) all of the above

While the Athenians were permitted to marry foreigners, ______ was on factor that contributed to a population decline in Sparta

Xenophobia

The constitution of Sparta is a mixed constitution because it combines elements of a democracy, oligarchy, and moarchy. The democratic elements consist of the ____ in which _______. The oligarchic element is the _____ and is comprised of ______, and the monarchic element is the _____.

assembly, all Spartan citizens participate, gerousia, 28 men over 60 and 2 Spartan kings, the kingship

The highest political honor a Spartan could achieve was being elected:

a) king

b) a member of the gerousia

c) an ephor

b) a member of the gerousia

Which of the following were duties of the ephors:

a) oversaw the kings to make sure they were abiding by the laws

b) impeaching a king if necessaey

c) presided over the gerousia and assembly

d) distributed cheese at the alter of Artemis Orthia

e) oversaw the kyrpteia

f) examined boys in the nude every ten days

a) oversaw the kings to make sure they were abiding by the laws

b) impeaching a king if necessaey

c) presided over the gerousia and assembly

e) oversaw the kyrpteia

f) examined boys in the nude every ten days

The purpose of the ____ was mutual protection. Only Spartans could convene meetings, and only Spartans served as commanders of the league. The only cities in the Peloponnese which did not join the league were ____ and ___

Peloponnesian League, Argos, Achaea

The inhabitants of Athens believed that they were _____, which means “sprung from the land”

autochthonous

By the end of the eighth century, Attica had undergone _____ an all citizens of Attica considered themselves Athenian. According to legend, _____ was responsible for instigating this process

synoecism, Theseus

In the early archaic period, there were nine archons; the _____ who presided over religious and cult matters, the ______ who commanded the Athenian army, the _____ who supervised public affairs, and six ______who were judicial officials 

archon basileus, polemarch, eponymous archon, thesmothetes

The nine archons were elected for one year terms and were elected from wealthy and well-known families referred to as ____

Eupatrids

Former archons worked with the Council of _____. All former archons became members of this council, which meant that

a) archons would think twice before contradicting the wishes of the council

b) everyone knew each other well enough that meetings were short and efficient

c) Archons and the council were comprised of men who were wealthy and from well-known families

Areopagus

a) archons would think twice before contradicting the wishes of the council

c) Archons and the council were comprised of men who were wealthy and from well-known families

All Athenian male citizens participated in the _____. They belonged to a ____ and a _____, which  was a smaller group, perhaps originally an “brotherhood of warriors”. Membership in a phratry was a proof of ______. 

assembly, tribe, phratry, citizenship

In 632 BCE ____ an Olympic victor, attempted to seize power in Athens. The supporters of this
conspiracy sought refuge at the altar of Athena and only agreed to surrender under the condition that they not be killed. The conspirators tied a strong to the altar and held the string as they descended. When the string broke ____ killed the supporters. This led the curse of the descendants, known as the _______. Two famous Athenian politicians, ____ and ____ are descendants of this family.

Cylon, Megacles, curse of the Alcmaeonids, Cleisthenes, Pericles

In 594 BCE _____ was the archon of Athens. He passed a series of laws to address _____ which plagued Athens, partly as a part of the ____ system. This system meant that many poor people were in debt and some even sold family members or became slaves themselve

Solon, inequality, sharecropping

Included among Solon’s reforms, which were known as the _____ were the following:

a) establishing a system that every Athenian man would receive a plot of land at birth

b) making it illegal for loans to be secured by anyone else’s property or person

c) ending the system by with poor Athenians owed a sixth of their produce to wealthy landowners

d) tracking down Athenians sold as slaves abroad

e)creating a social welfare network in which wealthy landowners provided food for a single family
in times of crisis

seisachtheia

b) making it illegal for loans to be secured by anyone else’s property or person

c) ending the system by with poor Athenians owed a sixth of their produce to wealthy landowners

d) tracking down Athenians sold as slaves abroad

The economic reforms passed by Solon included the following:

a) switching the Athenian standard of measurement to the more widely used Eoboeic system

b) offering incentives for Athenian citizens to buy items produced within Athens

c) offering citizenship to artisans and craftspeople who emigrated to Athens

d) taxing items imported to Athens

e) giving the Areopagus the power to examine whether every citizen has a means to support himself

f) making it illegal to export grain

g) making it mandatory for a father to teach a son a trade; if he does not, the son is not required to care for him in old age

a) switching the Athenian standard of measurement to the more widely used Eoboeic system

c) offering citizenship to artisans and craftspeople who emigrated to Athens

e) giving the Areopagus the power to examine whether every citizen has a means to support himself

f) making it illegal to export grain

g) making it mandatory for a father to teach a son a trade; if he does not, the son is not required to care for him in old age

In addition, Solon made ____ rather than ____ a requirement to hold office in Athens

wealth, birth

The entakosiomedimnoi (500-measure men) could run for state treasurer, _____, and lower offices. The hippeis “horsemen” could run for ______ and _____, the zeugitai, (men who could afford a team of yoked oxen), could run for ______, while the thetes could attend ______. The hoplite phalanx mostly consisted of men in the _____ class, while the rowers in the navy were _____. Men from all classes, however, were included in the _____ which was a pool of prospective jurors.

archonships, archonships, lower office, lower offices, the assembly, zeugitai, thetes, heliaia

The Council of _____ was not sympathetic to the ______ since it was comprised of former archons. Solon created the ____ comprised of 100 men from each of the Athenian tribes as a counterweight.

Areopagus, poor, Council of 400

To limit visible evidence of inequality, Solon limited ostentatious displays of wealth by ___, in particular at funerals

woman

While Solon made it illegal to sell citizens into slavery, he did allow fathers to sell their unmarried daughters into slavery if he discovered she was not ____

a virgin

While these reforms did improve life in Athens for many, they also intensified competition among the classes for political office, leading to the tyranny of ____

Peisistratids

Having passed these policies and laws, Solon went to Lydia, where he met ____, the king of Lydia. The king asks if there is anyone happier than anyone else, expecting he will be named the happiest. Solon responded, stating that

a) it is impossible to know if someone still alive is the happiest; it is necessary to know how a man dies

b) the king of Lydia is selfinterested, he did not respond

Croesus

a) it is impossible to know if someone still alive is the happiest; it is necessary to know how a man dies