MOL BIO LAB MIDTERMS - DNA, RNA, PROTEINS

Genes

DNA is composed of

Chromosome

DNA is tightly wound into

Nucleus

DNA is stored in the

Antiparallel Helix

DNA’s Structure

Adenine and Guanine

DNA Purines consists of

Cytosine and Thymine

DNA Pyrimidines consists of

Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

Base Pairing of DNA

DNA replication

Ensures genetic continuity by creating identical DNA molecules before cell division.

Unwinding - Topoisomerase
Unzipping - Helicase
Base Pairing - DNA polymerase
Joining Nucleotides - DNA ligase

Steps of DNA replication and enzyme that helps

Helicase

Unzips the DNA strands.

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

Prevent strands from re-sticking

Topoisomerase

Prevents DNA supercoiling.

DNA Polymerase

Builds new strands and proofreads.

Primase

Creates RNA primers for DNA polymerase.

Ligase

Glues Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Leading strand

Synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction.

Lagging strand

Synthesized in Okazaki fragments, requiring multiple primers.

5' to 3' direction.

Leading strand is synthesized in what direction

RNA

Plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

Adenine and Uracil
Cytosine and Guanine

RNA Nitrogen bases

Messenger RNA

Carries DNA instructions to ribosomes.

Ribosomal RNA

Structural component of ribosomes.

Transfer RNA

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

rRNA (ribosomal RNA

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Types of RNA

Central Dogma

The flow of genetic information:

Transcription

DNA —> RNA

Translation

RNA —> Protein

Transcription

Occurs in the Nucleus

Translation

Occurs in the Cytoplasm

Codons

Three-nucleotide sequences coding for specific amino acids.

Introns

Non-coding segments

Exons

Coding sequences segments

AUG (Methionine)

The start codon

Point Mutation

Mutations with a single base change

Deletion

Mutations with a segment of DNA is lost.

 Insertion

Mutations with a segment of DNA is added.

Frameshift Mutation

Changes the reading frame, altering all downstream codons.

64 codons

The genetic code consists of how many codons

61

The genetic code consists of how many amino acids code

Hairpin

Structure of RNA

DNA

This function as the main repository for genetic information and hereditary traits

RNA

Transmits genetic information and participate in protein synthesis

Deoxyribose

DNA sugar is

Ribose

RNA sugar is

2 Meters

Length of DNA

46

How many chromosomes does humans have

Phosphate
Pentamer Carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base

DNA is composed of these structures