Participant Bias - internal validity

Participant Bias

Common confounding variables where the participants actions, motivations, expectations or their behaviour influences the outcome of the study separated from the variable they are being tested.

Participant Variables

Participant variables are pre-existing traits of the participants that they bring with them into the tests (e.g. culture, backgrounds, knowledge, priors, age and etc.)

Demand Characteristics

When clues leads the participant to guess the purpose of the study or what the experiment is sort of expecting, therefore changing their behaviors accordingly.

Expectancy effect

Is part of the Demand Characteristic bias, where from the knowledge of the experiments aim, they do what the research want hence breaking the natural relationship between the cause and effect.

Screw you effect

Meanwhile the screw you effect is doing the totally opposite of what the research may be expecting, this may be out of personal grief, personal problems regarding of the tests, trolling and etc.

Reactivity

Reactivity is when the participants alter their behaviour because they are aware of the observants. This may come naturally, or from underlying causes such as societal norms, desirability. Can also be called the hawthrone effect.

Placebo

Placebo effects are when the participants positive beliefs carry out or impact on their performances.

Nocebo

Nocebo is when negative beliefs create downturn in the participants beliefs. It is important for researchers to keep in control of the beliefs and priors of the participants by creating a controlled groups.

How to control?

By creating a controlled group against the experimental group. This can be giving both a pill, while one pill is real and the other is not real. Where through this, both group is given a equal chance of belief, where through this system, the researchers are able to see how well apart from the belief, independently the IV may be being tested or worked.

Social desirability Bias

Is when participant alters their response or behaviour in the studies to be seen more favourable to the others. —> Common in interviews or self-reported notes.

Carryout effect

Similar to the order effect, due to the repeatedly measured measurements among the same group or participant creates fatigues, practices and other factors.

Interference effect

Interference effect is when the previous informations disturbs the recall of the participant.

Proactive interference

Old informations interfering, or creating difficulties in remembering the new informations

Retroactive interference

Is when new informations is creating difficulties for the old informations to be remembered.

Fatique effect

Tiredness that impact on the participants performance

Practice effect

improvement through over repeated informations, or repeated measures.