GENBIO 2 PRELIM

Histology

The study of animal and plant tissues

Microtome

It is an instrument used to cut tissues into ultra thin sections

Epithelial

This tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

It consists of a single layer of flattened cells. They are usually found in thin barriers where exchange of nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases occur

Simple Cubiodal Epithelium

It is a single layer cube-shaped cells with larger cytoplasm compared to squamous cells. They perform more complex functions such as absorption and secretion.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

It is a single layer elongated cells ideal for absorption and secretion as it contains cytoplasmic volumes with enough organelles and energy reserves to engage in complex activities

Simple Squamous Epithelium

They are found in the alveoli of the lungs (gas exchange) and in capillaries (diffusion and osmosis).

Simple Squamous Epithelium

All blood vessels and the heart are lined with this.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

The secretory cells of different cells, tubules of the kidneys, and the ducts of most glands are made with it.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

It is the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for 90 percent that takes place in the digestive tract. It has special structures called microvilli.

Microvilli

These are extension of the cell membrane to increase their surface area for absorption,

Goblet Cells

These are specialized columnar cells found in the lining of the stomach and small intestines responsible for mucus secretion.

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

It id found in the small bronchioles of the respiratory tract for mucus movement, and in the fallopian tubes.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

It is ‘falsely stratified’ epithelium, made up of columnar cells that are tall and thin which forms irregular shapes.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

It is found in the upper respiratory tract as ciliated types.

Cilia

It is hairlike extension of the cell that propel the mucus secreted by the goblet cell along the cell surface (pseudostratified epithelium)

Connective Tissues

This includes a large group of different tissues characterized by having dispersed cells and large extracellular space called extracellular matrix.

Extracellular Matrix

This includes protein fibers (collage, elastic, reticular) and ground substances secreted mostly by the cells of the connective tissue.

Bone

It is the solid extracellular matrix

Connective Tissue

It is the soft extracellular matrix

Blood

It is the liquid extracellular matrix.

Bind and Support

The MAIN function of connective tissues

Protection, Provision of Cushion, Maintenance of Body Form, Filling Body Space, Storage of Fats, Transport of Nutrients and Wastes, Body Defense, Repair of Body Parts

The OTHER functions of Connective Tissues

Cartilage and Bones

It is the supportive connective tissues

Blood and Lymph

It is the fluid connective tissues

Loose Connective Tissues

They are also called areolar connective tissues. They have watery matrix where the cells, mostly fibroblasts, are located.(found beneath the epithelia of the skin)

Macrophages

These are special white blood cells that can be found in the matrix.

Connective Tissues

These are dense connective tissues are made up of closely packed bundles of collage fibers with new cells, less flexible than LCT but are more rigid.

Reticulocytes

These are specialized fibroblasts.

Reticular Connective Tissues

They are made up of reticulocytes and a matrix that contains reticular fibers which gives support to soft organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver.

Connective Tissues Connect

They also provide the supporting framework for the bone marrow and lymphoid organs.

Elastic Connective Tissues

They are highly flattened fibroblast cells with a matrix that contains bundles of elastic fibers and interspersed collagen fibers, stretching 1.5 its normal length.

Elastic Connective Tissues

They are found in large arteries such as aorta, bronchial tubes, and ligaments of the vertebral column.

Adipose Tissues

They are also called ‘fat tissues are special types of connective tissue that store fats. It is found anywhere in the body.

Help shape, cushion, and insulate the body

The functions of the adipose tissues found in the subcutaneous layer of the skin

Adipocytes

They contain a large vacuole that stores fat.

Cartilage

It is a type of connective tissues with cells called “chondrocytes”, which are separated by a strong and flexible matrix made up of chondrin (protein-carbohydrate complex)

Elastic, Hyaline, Fibro

The three types of cartilage

Lacuna

This is where the chondrocytes are located, surrounded by a mambrane called “perichondrium”

Gives strength, support, and protection

The function of cartilage

Bones

They serves as the structural framework of the body.

Bone Marrow

The site where blood cells are produced.

Blood

It is a special type of connective tissues with a liquid matrix called the “blood plasma”

Erythrocytes

They are also known as RBC responsible for the transport of oxygen

Leukocytes

They are also called white blood cells for the body’s defense against infection

Thrombocytes

They re also called blood platelets for blood clotting

Loose Connective, Fibrous Connective, Bone, Blood, Cartilage, Adipose

They are the six types of connective tissues

Muscular Tissues

They are contractile tissues responsible for movement.

Myosin and Actin

The muscles cells are made up of tissues containg:

Skeletal Muscular Tissues

They are attached to bones through tendons, responsible for the movement of most body parts and locomotion

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

The three types of muscular tissues

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

It is a long and cylindrical, unbranched, and contains multiple nuclei.

Cardiac Muscular Tissues

These are found only in the walls of the heart. They are striated but is involuntarily controlled.

Smooth Muscular Tissues

These are non-striated, spindle-shaped muscles that are involuntarily controlled, found in the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.

Nerve Tissues

They are made up of nerve cells called neurons, found in the brain and spinal cord.

Neurons

These are specialized cells that conduct impulses to and from the brain, made up of dendrites, cell body, and axon

Dendrites

They receive impulses and send them to the cell body.

Cell Body/Soma

It is like a typical cell where the nucleus and organelles are found.

Axon

It is a long fiber-like part that transmits the impulses away from the cell body to the next neuron

Integumentary

It protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss. It also provides structure and support.

Muscular

It moves the limbs and trunk, moves the substances through the body, and provides structure and support.

Skeletal

It protects and supports the body and organs and interacts with skeletal muscle

Circulatory

It transports nutrients, gases, ions, hormones, and wastes

Nervous

It regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis, regulated other organ systems, and controls sensory and motor function

Digestive

It extracts and absorb nutrients from food, remove wastes, maintains water and motor functions.

Respiratory

It moves air into and out of the lungs and controls gas exchange between blood and lungs.

Excretory

It removes wastes from the blood and regulates concentration of body fluids

Endocrine

It regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction, maintains homeostasis, and regulates other organ systems.

Reproductive

It produces gametes and offsprings.

Immune

It destroys and removes invading microbes and viruses from the body .

Vegetative Organs

These are the organs that allow the plant to live and grow

Root

It anchors the plant to the soil for support and absorbs water and minerals from the soil

Stem

It is the main axis of the plant together with its branches

Leaves

It is responsible or the manufacture of food by photosynthesis

Meristos

It means “divided”

Meristems

This is the region where meristematic cells dwell, and a plant grows because of it

Apical Meristems

It is found in the tip of the stems or roots that allow these organs to grow longer

Lateral Meristems

It is also called secondary meristems, found on the nodes of stems and are involved in formation of branches.

Cambium

It is a ring of meristematic tissues found inside a mature stem, which allows growth in diameter or increase in the thickness of stems or roots

Vascular Cambium

It produces new layers of vascular tissues

Cork Cambium

It produces news layers of surface tissue called “cork”

Surface Tissue

It covers and protects the surface of the plant

Cutin

The outer cell wall of the epidermis is covered with a layer of cuticle.

Cutin

It is a waxy substance that prevents water loss

Root Hairs

These are slender projections in the epidermal cell of roots, increases surface area of the root for absorption.

Cork

It covers the outer surface of the bark of woody stems and roots which protects the plant from mechanical injury

Guard Cells

They are modified epidermal cells found on the leaves that function to open or close the stomata

Stomata

It is the leaf opening for gas exchange

Fundamental Tissues

They form the main bulk of plants. They are involved in the production and storage of food, and serves as support for the plant.

Parenchyma Cells

They are large, thin-walled and usually have a large central vacuole.

Collenchyma Cells

It functions mainly as support, like parenchyma except that they have a thicker cell wall.

Sclerenchyma Cells

It has a thicker secondary cell wall in addition to the primary cell wall, impregnated with lignin

Lignin

It is an organic substance that makes the cell all tough and hard

Fibers

It is long and slender type of sclerenchyma

Sclereids

It is irregular in shape type of sclerenchyma

Vascular Tissue

These are complex conducting tissues that extend from the roots to the leaves of plants.

Xylem

It transports water and minerals from roots to leaves via the stem

Phloem

It transports organic nutrients in both directions along the length pf the plant

Trecheids

These are elongated, hollow, and non-living cells with tapered ends.

Vessel Elements

These are hollow and non-living, but are larger and without end walls.