Science 8 4th Monthly Exam Reviewer 2

Alimentary Canal

continous muscular tube around the 9 meters in length

Mechanical Digestion

physical breakdown of food

chemical digestion

enzymatic breakdown of the chemical bolds in later and more complex molecules into simpler ones

Teeth

hard bony structures

tongue

muscular organ in the mouth that serves as taste or gustatory organ

taste buds

receptors

umami

japanese word for delicious or savory taste

salivary glands

alkaline aqueous fluid

saliva

moistens the mouth

pytalin or alpha-amylase

speeds up the chemical digestion

esophagus

10 inch long, smooth muscular tube that channels food into the stomach.

peristalsis

rhythmically to push the bolus or mass of food downward in the process

gastric acid

creates acidic pH

chyme

soapy mixture

small intestine

narrowest convoluted muscular tube

duodenum

first region of the small intestine

jejenum

sugars, amino acids and fats

Ileum

last region

villi

small intestine has millions of convoluted projections

microvilli

tinier finger-like projections

pancreas

lies horizontally across the posterior wall

acrinar cells

releases bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes

islets of Langerhans

endocrine cell pockets

alpha-cells

releases glucagon

beta-cells

insulin

liver

largest internal organ

bile salts

emulsify fats into tiny droplets

gall bladder

small hollow pear-shaped organ

glycogen

serves as storage form of glucose in humans and animals

kupffer cells

destruction of pathogens by the action of specialized macrophages

large intestine

colon or large bowel, forms an inverted U-shaped coil

appendix

found at the lower end of the caecum

feces

made up of waste materials

cellular respiration

ATP in the process

homeostasis

harmonious interrelationship ensures the maintenance of the internal physiological equilibrium of the body

macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are needed

micronutrients

particularly vitamins and minerals

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

for each specific macronutrient and macronutrient depends on several factors

toxoplasmosis

causes flu-like symptoms

trichinosis

include diarrhea, stomach pain, and vomiting

Taeniasis

usually without symptoms, however serious infection results to weight loss

neurocysticercosis

eliptic seizures and other severe neurological symptom

toxins

poisonous substance

Aflatoxins

posionous substance produced by the molds

diarrhea

one of the most common diseases of the digestive system

constipation

excessive water absorption may occur

peptic ulcer

shallow sore

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

jaundice

yellow coloration of the eyes

Mitosis

division of body cells

Meiosis

only occurs in sex cells

G0 phase

resting stage

first gap phase (G1)

cells needs to divide

synthesis phase (S)

DNA content of the cell is duplicated

second gap phase (G2)

cell continues its growth

interphase

g1, s, and g2 phases are together

mitosis phase (M)

cell divides into two daughter cells

cyclin-dependent kinases(Cdk) and cyclins

major control molecules

Equational division

mitosis is also know as this

early prophase

chromatin coils

prometaphase

first phase, the spindle fibers start to capture

metaphase

second phase, distinguishable by the alignment of the chromosomes

amphiastral

animal cells under go this which is characterizes by the formation of star-shaped

anastral mitosis

plant cells

anaphase

third phase, characterized by the disjunctiuon of the sister chromatids

telophase

last phase, when the chromosomes have reaches the opposite poles and uncoil

Gretgor Johann Mendel

the austrian monk, began breeding studies in pea plants

allele

variant form of a specific gene

genotype

specific allelic combination

phenotype

observable trait

dominant allele

masks the expression of a recessive allele

homozygous

when an allelic pair is made up of the same allele (YY and yy)

heterozygous

allelic pair is made up of each alternative gene (Yy)