Chapter 1 - Bushong 10e

Matter

It is the material substance of which physical objects are composed.

Atoms

All matter is composed of fundamental building blocks called?

Mass

the quantity of matter contained in any physical object and its energy equivalence

Weight

the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity.

Potential Energy

the ability to do work by virtue of position.

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion

Chemical Energy

the energy released by a chemical reaction.

Electrical Energy

represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage).

Average voltage in the Philippines

220 V

Nuclear Energy

the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom.

Electromagnetic Energy

type of energy used in xray imaging and includes visible light, radio waves, and gamma rays.

Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation

cornerstone for the theory of relativity

Radiation

Energy emitted and transferred through space

Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic energy is often referred to as?

Radiation

transfer of energy

Exposed/ Irradiated

Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it

Ionizing Radiation

a special type of radiation that includes x-rays.

Ionizing Radiation

any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts

Ion pair

The orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated are called?

Ionization

the removal of an electron from an atom.

X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light

the only forms of electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to ionize.

mSv

unit of effective dose

mSv

It is used to express radiation exposure of populations and radiation risk in those populations.

cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon.

Four components of Natural Environmental Radiation

Cosmic Rays

particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars.

Terrestrial Radiation

results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the Earth.

Internally deposited radionuclides

mainly potassium-40 ( 40K), are natural metabolites. They have always been with us and contribute an equal dose to each of us.

Radon

The largest source of natural environmental radiation

Radon

a radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium, which is present in trace quantities in the Earth.

Diagnostic Xrays

constitute the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation

3.2 mSv

The currently accepted approximate annual dose resulting from medical applications of ionizing radiation

1895

year when xrays are accidentally discovered

Crookes tube

A type of vacuum tube that was instrumental in the discovery of X-rays, allowing the study of cathode rays.

Sir William Crookes

The tube that bears his name was the forerunner of modern fluorescent lamps and x-ray tubes.

November 8, 1895

The discovery of xray

Wilhelm Roentgen

Who discovered xrays?

Barium Platinocyanide

A plate was coated with this, a fluorescent material

February 1896

the first x-ray examination in the United States

radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT

three general types of x-ray examinations

Radiography

uses film or a solid-state image receptor and usually an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling on a track that allows the tube to be moved in any direction.

Fluoroscopy

usually conducted with an x-ray tube located under the examination table.

Computed Tomography

uses a rotating x-ray source and detector array

Kilovolt Peak (kVp)

X-ray voltages are measured in?

Milliampere (mA)

xray currents are measured in?

Ampere (A)

measure of electric current

1m

The usual x-ray source-to-image receptor distance (SID) during radiography is 1 m. How many millimeters is that?

fluorescent intensifying screen

development that helped reduce this exposure time

Michael Pupin

demonstrated the use of a radiographic intensifying screen in 1896

Charles L. Leonard

found that by exposing two glass x-ray plates with the emulsion surfaces together, exposure time was halved, and the image was considerably enhanced.

Much of the high-quality glass used in radiography came from Belgium and other European countries.

Why did radiologists began to make use of film rather than glass plates?

Cellulose nitrate

The substitute for the glass plate

Thomas A. Edison

inventor of Fluoroscope

Zinc Cadmium Sulfide, Calcium Tungstate

Edison investigated the fluorescent properties of more than 1800 other materials, including?

Clarence Dally

Edison’s friend and experienced a severe x-ray burn that eventually required amputation of both arms.

Dally’s death in 1904

first x-ray fatality in the United States.

William Rollins

designed two devices to reduce the exposure of patients to x-rays and thereby minimize the possibility of x-ray burn were introduced before the turn of the 20th century

Collimation and Filtration

these devices reduce the hazard associated with x-rays

H.C. Snook

introduced a substitute high-voltage power supply, an interrupterless transformer, for the static machines and induction coils then in use.

William D. Coolidge

unveiled his hot-cathode x-ray tube to the medical community in 1913.

Snook transformer and the Coolidge x-ray tube.

Why did radiology emerged?

Potter-Bucky Grid

a moving grid used to halt xrays from scattering

Bell Telephone Laboratories

the light amplifier tube was demonstrated

Aplastic Anemia and Leukemia

blood disorders occuring in radiologists

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

ALARA meaning

Filtration

Metal filters, usually aluminum or copper, are inserted into the x-ray tube housing so that low-energy x-rays are absorbed before they reach the patient. These x-rays have little diagnostic value.

Collimation

restricts the useful x-ray beam to that part of the body to be imaged and thereby spares adjacent lined and is equipped with a leaded-glass window

First trimester

Abdominal and pelvic x-ray examinations of expectant mothers should not be conducted during

Mass, Length, Time

the three basic measurable quantities

kilograms per cubic meter

mass density should be reported with units of

newtons per square meter

pressure should be reported with units of

Mechanics

segment of physics that deals with objects at rest (statics) and objects in motion (dynamics).

Velocity

a measure of how fast something is moving or, more precisely, the rate of change of its position with time.

Acceleration

the rate of change of velocity

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will continue in motion until acted on by an outside force.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The force applied to move an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Momentum

The product of the mass of an object and its velocity is called?

Work

the force applied times the distance over which it is applied

Power

the rate of doing work

The law of conservation of energy

energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Energy

the ability to do work

Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy

two forms of mechanical energy

Heat

the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules.

Calorie

unit of heat

Conduction

the transfer of heat through a material or by touching.

Convection

the mechanical transfer of “hot” molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another.

Thermal Radiation

The transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation.

By radiation

How does an xray tube cool?

Air Kerma

the unit of radiation exposure or intensity.

Absorbed Dose

the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass and has units of J/kg or Gyt

Sievert (sv)

Occupational radiation monitoring devices are analyzed in terms of ???, which is used to express the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations.

Becquerel (Bq)

the unit of quantity of radioactive material, not the radiation emitted by that material.