4 Major Organic Compounds

major organic compound

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Polymers

chains of monomers (building blocks)

Dehydration

synthesised and water is released

hydration

broken and water absorbed

Carbohydrates

Include sugars and starches. C₁H₂O₁

3 classes of carbohydrates

1. monosaccarides

2. disaccharides

3. polysaccarides

monosaccharides

one single, small sugar unit

Important monosaccharides

Pentose (Ribose and deoxyribose) and Hexose (glucose) sugar

Disaccharides

two sugars

Important disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides (many sugars)

important polysaccharides

starch and glycogen

Starch

carbohydrate storage form used by plants

glycogen

carbohydrate storage form used by animals

Lipids

insoluble in water (CHO sometimes P)

4 main lipids

triglycerides, pHospHolipids, steroids, and eicosanoids

Triglycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Triglycerides can be constructed of

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid

saturated fatty acids

Single bonds, packed, straight fatty acid

saturated fatty acids examples

animal fat, butter,

unsaturated fatty acids

double bonds and unpacked

unsaturated fatty acids examples

plant oils like olive oil

two kinds of unsaturated fatty acids

trans fats and omega-3 fatty acids

pHospHolipds

glycerol and 2 fatty acids

hydropHilic

Head region and atttractes water

hydropHobic

Tail region and repelled by water

most cholesterol and cell membrane structure

steriods

steriods examples

vitamins, hormones, bile salt

Play a role in eicosanoids.

blood clotting, control of blood pressure, inflammation, and labor contractions

Proteins

CHONPS

Proteins are held together by

Covalent peptide bonds

4 levels of protein structures

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids (order)

Secondary structure

alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary structure

globular space

Quaternary structure

how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

Shapes of proteins fall into one of two categories

fibrous (structural) or globular

fibrous proteins

structural, Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable

Globular proteins

functional, Compact, spHerical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes

protein Denaturation

unfolding/breakdown of bonds

Nucleic acids

genetic blueprint, 3 codes for proteins (CHONP)

two major nucleic acid classes

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

double-stranded and contains a deoxyribose sugar, pHospHate group, and one of four nitrogen bases

four nitrogen bases

adenine (A) and thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C)

Purines

adenine (A), guanine (G)

Pyrimidines

cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Single-stranded linear molecule is active mostly outside the nucleus.

– Thymine is replaced with uracil

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down