MGMT 4354 Final Exam

The implicit or explicit demands for sexual favors by threatening negative job-related consequences or promising job-related rewards is considered:

sexual coercion

One of the primary benefits of diversity is ____________________.

flexibility and adaptation

The obligation of an organization to behave in ethical ways is known as:

social responsibility

An office romance is:

likely to create a conflict of interest situation

Globalization implies all of the following except:

an organization's nationality is held strongly in consciousness

The work of Hofstede is important because his studies revealed that more differences in work-related attitudes can be explained by:

national culture

A female worker is given a written warning when returning late from lunch. A male worker from the same department also returns late and receives no punitive action. This disparity raises the issue of:

distributive justice

The representation of individuals with disabilities in the workforce is expected to increase dramatically because:

of the Americans with Disabilities Act

An expatriate employee:

is one who works in a country other than his or her home country

An ethical theory that emphasizes the nature and characteristics of an act is:

rule-based

Which of the following approaches to quality improvement would emphasize statistical modeling techniques?

Six Sigma

A significant force that is presently causing change in the workplace is:

global competition

Globalization, workforce diversity, and __________ are three interrelated themes of importance for managing organizational behavior in the 21st century.

moral and ethical behavior

Kurt Lewin may have best captured alternative explanations for human behavior when he stated behavior is a function of:

the person and the environment

The first discipline to take the modern corporation as the unit of analysis and emphasize the design, implementation, and coordination of various administrative and organization systems was:

management

All of the following are aspects of the formal organization except:

the friendship/relationship between two employees

A federal regulatory agency can be considered part of an organization's:

external task environment

The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organizational settings describes the content of study in:

organizational behavior

An internal perspective of human behavior tends to explain a person's actions in terms of:

personal value system

Culture and the study of learned behavior comprise the domain of:

anthropology

The concept of performance being connected to rewards is referred to as:

instrumentality

Based on expectancy theory, an individual experiences increased motivation when he or she believes that effort leads to performance and:

that performance leads to rewards and the reward is valued

Imagine you have accepted and started in your first professional job. The company that hired you offers a competitive salary and benefit package. Your focus is now shifting to learning and advancement opportunities. According to Alderfer and McGregor, your new focus is on:

growth and Theory Y concerns

Since working as a technician in an electronics store for the past year, you have become dissatisfied with many of the rules and regulations, or:

hygiene factors

Imagine you are a business proprietor and you run a small specialty marketing firm that employs 20 people. Due to increases in health care costs you are considering cancelling health and hospitalization insurance for your employees. This decision may adversely impact your employees concerns about:

safety and security needs

An employee's expectations and confidence in his or her ability to finish a particular task successfully is known as:

task-specific self-efficacy

Imagine you are the supervisor of a women's apparel department in a large department store. Fifteen sales representatives report to you and all of them are well experienced. Just today, three customers have complained about a sales representative, Joanne, who has been working in the jewelry and fragrance section. No other complaints have been received concerning other sales representatives in this section. Joanne had never received complaints when she worked in other sections. Joanne has worked in the jewelry and fragrance section only one other time and that was only for a few hours. Based upon Kelley's informational cues, this is a:

low consensus situation

An employee working at a computer terminal may get neck and shoulder tension as a result of poor posture. If the employee only becomes aware of that tension when the supervisor enters the work area, then the employee may develop neck and shoulder tension at the appearance of the supervisor. This scenario would be an example of:

classical conditioning

The theory of social learning is based on the notion that:

learning occurs through the observation of other people and the modeling of their behavior

A manager doesn't respond to the sarcastic comments of a team member, but compliments the team member for constructive comments. Which of the following is true?

The manager used extinction and positive reinforcement.

As a supervisor, you can enhance the performance of your employees by:

allowing employees to participate in goal setting

One of your employees periodically fails to clean up his work area at the end of the work shift. Instead of issuing punishment or discipline, you decide to try an extinction approach to the situation. Accordingly, you might:

ignore the program for a while

Management by objectives involves:

interaction between a superior and an employee for setting employees' goals and later evaluating performance and progress toward goal accomplishment

Modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response defines:

classical conditioning

A non-response approach that weakens a behavior is known as:

extinction

According to McClelland's research, the best managers tend to exhibit a high need for:

socialized power

In the case of repeated failure under expectancy theory, an employee may:

reduce effort

The sets of needs related to the animalistic avoidance of pain and human desire for psychological growth form the basis for:

Herzberg's two-factor theory

Expectancy theory would be most consistent with:

the ideas of Adam Smith and self-interest

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the current state of motivation theories?

There are several approaches to motivation, and one or another may be useful in specific organizational contexts, with specific individuals or groups, at different times.

Attributional biases implies that managers must:

know as much as possible about individual differences and determine the cause of behavior and perceived source of responsibility

An employee who does not get along well with other employees but generates the most sales is evaluated only on sales performance. This is an example of:

selective perception

A relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual's behavior defines:

personality

The way in which factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individual to another is referred to as:

individual differences

Research shows that successful candidates make:

more internal attributions for negative events

Keeping a running tally of the number times a student raises his or her hand to ask a question in an organizational behavior course is a/an:

behavioral measure of personality

If a manager holds very high expectations of a recent new hire and then that new hire subsequently performs very well, this is an example of:

self-fulfilling prophecy

A fairly enduring and steady set of characteristics which influence an individual's actions and behavior defines:

personality

The propensity to look for internal causes of attributions when evaluating another person's behavior is:

known as the fundamental attribution error

An employee has poor relationships with other members on her team, but the manager only evaluates her based upon her exceptionally high sales performance. This is an example of:

selective perception

When workers stay with a company because they face significant exit barriers, this can be referred to as:

continuance commitment

Susan is a salesperson and she was asked by her employer to sell a defective laptop computer. She believes this act is unethical. Susan is likely to:

experience the discomfort of cognitive dissonance

A person's psychological tendency to evaluate an object with either some amount of favor or disfavor reflects:

an attitude

A customer service representative who is expected to be cheerful and happy at the job everyday is likely experience:

emotional labor

The two major determinants in the formation of attitudes include:

direct experience and social learning

All of the following are considered terminal values except:

self-control

According to research on Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, individuals at higher development stages are:

more likely to engage in whistle-blowing

When one's attitudes and required job behavior conflict, __________ may develop.

cognitive dissonance

Which of the following statement best reflects the findings reported in your text on organizational committing behaviors and coworker behavior?

If a close coworker chose to perform OCBs, other close coworkers were more likely to reciprocate.

The type of organizational commitment that is based on an individual's desire to remain in an organization is called:

affective commitment

You have a problem with your computer, so you call the company that made it. They inform you that the problem is caused by software, so you call the software division and they tell you it's the hardware. This is an example of:

jurisdictional ambiguities

A personality that tends to be resistant to distress is:

hardy

Suppose a manager receives counseling from her department head that she needs to socialize less with the nonmanagement employees. She also is told by her project manager that she needs to be a better team member, and that she can accomplish this by socializing more with the other nonmanagement team members. This is an example of:

intrarole conflict

One occasion in which managers should work to stimulate conflict is when:

the group suffers from groupthink

The fight-or-flight stress response is most closely associated with which approach to stress?

homeostatic

One way of classifying styles of conflict management is to examine the styles' cooperativeness and the styles':

assertiveness

A secondary prevention method of organizational stress is:

team building

A software engineer has just discovered a major problem, which is not yet fully defined, in a large information system she is building for a very difficult customer. Her supervisor is listening to the engineer as she begins to talk through the problem. Which of the following responses would best exemplify the "reflecting of core feelings"?

"I hear that you are feeling very upset about the problem and may be worried about the customer's reaction when you inform him".

Conflict can be functional, or a positive force, in all of the following situations except:

when group and organizational cohesion is broken down

Many of the communication technologies significantly limit or eliminate _____ forms of communication.

nonverbal

If there are gender differences between a communicator and a receiver, the best technique to minimize barriers to communication is to:

seek clarification of the meaning

In an emergency situation, it is particularly important for a supervisor to be:

directive and assertive

You are setting up a small conference room and want to minimize any feelings of competition with the other individual. Which arrangement should you AVOID for this meeting?

seat the other person directly across from you

A probable outcome of defensive communication is:

strained working relationships

Which of the following is an indication of both positive and healthy communication?

all of these

When _____ differ between an employee and the organization in which she works, this is referred to as person-role conflict.

values

When an employee continues to engage in a counterproductive behavior that will obviously not resolve a conflict, this is known as:

fixation

All of the following are good questions for diagnosing whether conflict is positive or negative except:

Will the parties be required to work with each other again?

When two business units are having direct conflict with one another, but they also share a common threat, the best style of conflict management to use is:

collaborating

Based on the chapter reading from the textbook, one of the upsides of intrapersonal conflicts is:

defining moments

A good group technique to use when trying to identify the largest number of alternatives is:

brainstorming

The theory that suggests that the attributes of the senior management team can predict organizational characteristics is ___________________ theory.

upper echelon

In the creative process, the particular stage where an individual engages in other activities while the mind considers the problem is:

incubation

In the _________ stage of group development, a heavy reliance on guidance and direction is the defining quality.

forming

In a team, the person who fulfills the role of contributor is someone who:

provides data and necessary information for problem solutions

You are a manager and want to minimize social loafing in the team that you manage. Your best option in addressing this problem is to consider

formal evaluation of each team member's contributions

One of the reasons that cult followers of the notorious Charles Manson were able to commit atrocities and heinous crimes include:

loss of individuality

When faced with a ____________ decision, reliance on intuition becomes increasingly important.

nonprogrammed

____________ is the reduction in mental efficiency, distortion of reality, and impairment of moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.

groupthink

In the rational model, the decision maker strives to:

optimize

An important role in the performance of cross-functional teams is:

integrator

People may engage in immoral acts or even violent behavior as committed members of their group when:

there is a loss of individuality

All of the following are characteristics of a nonprogrammed decision situation except:

multivariate

Participative decision making tends to be associated with:

higher levels of employee job satisfaction

A key organizational requirement for participation in decision making includes:

supportive culture

The behavioral norms expected within work groups and considered to be among the most important from the organization's perspective are known as:

organizational culture and credos

An effective team exhibits:

shared leadership

The notion that groups alternate between periods of inertia and bursts of energy as they develop is most consistent with:

punctuated equilibrium

Group polarization results in:

the tendency for group discussion to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members

______________ are used by work groups to determine if a member's behavior is acceptable.

norms of behavior