Chemistry - Organics

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37 Terms

1
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What is crude oil primarily composed of?

Crude oil is primarily composed of decomposed plants and plankton.

2
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How is crude oil processed for use?

Crude oil is processed through fractional distillation to separate different hydrocarbons.

3
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What is the process of fractional distillation?

Fractional distillation is the process of separating different hydrocarbons in crude oil into more useful fractions.

4
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What is the order of fractions obtained from crude oil during fractional distillation?

The order of fractions is petroleum gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, and bitumen.

5
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What is the boiling point of petroleum gases compared to bitumen?

Petroleum gases have the lowest boiling point, while bitumen has the highest boiling point.

6
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What are hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon.

7
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What is the general formula for alkanes?

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.

8
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What characterizes alkenes?

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a double bond.

9
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What is the general formula for alkenes?

The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n.

10
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What is complete combustion of an alkene?

Complete combustion of an alkene produces carbon dioxide and water.

11
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What is incomplete combustion of an alkene?

Incomplete combustion of an alkene produces carbon monoxide and water.

12
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What happens to alcohols when they are oxidized?

When alcohols are oxidized, they become carboxylic acids.

13
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What is the functional group of alcohols?

The functional group of alcohols is O-H.

14
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What method produces ethanol through fermentation?

Ethanol is produced through yeast that respires anaerobically using a sugar solution.

15
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What is a key disadvantage of producing alcohol through fermentation?

A key disadvantage of fermentation is that it is labor-intensive and a slow process.

16
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What occurs in the hydrolysis of ethene?

In hydrolysis, ethene reacts with steam to form alcohol.

17
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What are carboxylic acids characterized by?

Carboxylic acids have the functional group OH-C=O + R.

18
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What forms when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid?

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid produce esters and water in a condensation reaction.

19
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What is a polymer?

A polymer is a molecule made from many repeating monomers.

20
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How are addition polymers formed?

Addition polymers are formed by heating alkenes under pressure with a catalyst.

21
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What is the difference between HDPE and LDPE?

HDPE has closely packed chains resulting in stronger intermolecular forces; LDPE has random arrangements resulting in weaker forces.

22
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What characterizes thermosetting plastics?

Thermosetting plastics have strong cross-links and high melting points.

23
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What are thermosoftening plastics characterized by?

Thermosoftening plastics have weaker forces of attraction and lower melting points.

24
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What is a monomer?

A monomer is a single molecule used to make a polymer.

25
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What is an amino acid's structure?

An amino acid typically follows the structure H2N-C-C=O with a -O off the second carbon.

26
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What is one application of kerosene?

Kerosene can be used for planes and domestic cooking.

27
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What is one use of diesel?

Diesel can be used for heavy machinery and various vehicle fuel.

28
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What is the property of bitumen related to its chain length?

Bitumen has the longest chain length among the fractions from crude oil.

29
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What is the role of a functional group in a molecule?

A functional group determines how the molecule will react.

30
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How are alkanes described regarding reactivity?

Alkanes are saturated and generally unreactive.

31
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What test can be used to identify alkenes?

The test for alkenes involves adding bromine water, with a positive result showing a color change to colorless.

32
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What is produced during complete combustion of an alcohol?

Complete combustion of an alcohol produces carbon dioxide and water.

33
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What product results from the condensation reaction of an alcohol and carboxylic acid?

Esters are produced from the condensation reaction of an alcohol and carboxylic acid.

34
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What are addition reactions known for?

Addition reactions are known for their high reactivity.

35
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What is a key advantage of producing alcohol via hydrolysis of ethene?

A key advantage is that it is faster and less labor-intensive.

36
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What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes categorized as?

Alkanes are categorized as saturated hydrocarbons.

37
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What happens in the cracking process of alkanes?

In cracking, larger alkanes are broken down into smaller alkanes and alkenes.