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What is crude oil primarily composed of?
Crude oil is primarily composed of decomposed plants and plankton.
How is crude oil processed for use?
Crude oil is processed through fractional distillation to separate different hydrocarbons.
What is the process of fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is the process of separating different hydrocarbons in crude oil into more useful fractions.
What is the order of fractions obtained from crude oil during fractional distillation?
The order of fractions is petroleum gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, and bitumen.
What is the boiling point of petroleum gases compared to bitumen?
Petroleum gases have the lowest boiling point, while bitumen has the highest boiling point.
What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.
What characterizes alkenes?
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a double bond.
What is the general formula for alkenes?
The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n.
What is complete combustion of an alkene?
Complete combustion of an alkene produces carbon dioxide and water.
What is incomplete combustion of an alkene?
Incomplete combustion of an alkene produces carbon monoxide and water.
What happens to alcohols when they are oxidized?
When alcohols are oxidized, they become carboxylic acids.
What is the functional group of alcohols?
The functional group of alcohols is O-H.
What method produces ethanol through fermentation?
Ethanol is produced through yeast that respires anaerobically using a sugar solution.
What is a key disadvantage of producing alcohol through fermentation?
A key disadvantage of fermentation is that it is labor-intensive and a slow process.
What occurs in the hydrolysis of ethene?
In hydrolysis, ethene reacts with steam to form alcohol.
What are carboxylic acids characterized by?
Carboxylic acids have the functional group OH-C=O + R.
What forms when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid?
An alcohol and a carboxylic acid produce esters and water in a condensation reaction.
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a molecule made from many repeating monomers.
How are addition polymers formed?
Addition polymers are formed by heating alkenes under pressure with a catalyst.
What is the difference between HDPE and LDPE?
HDPE has closely packed chains resulting in stronger intermolecular forces; LDPE has random arrangements resulting in weaker forces.
What characterizes thermosetting plastics?
Thermosetting plastics have strong cross-links and high melting points.
What are thermosoftening plastics characterized by?
Thermosoftening plastics have weaker forces of attraction and lower melting points.
What is a monomer?
A monomer is a single molecule used to make a polymer.
What is an amino acid's structure?
An amino acid typically follows the structure H2N-C-C=O with a -O off the second carbon.
What is one application of kerosene?
Kerosene can be used for planes and domestic cooking.
What is one use of diesel?
Diesel can be used for heavy machinery and various vehicle fuel.
What is the property of bitumen related to its chain length?
Bitumen has the longest chain length among the fractions from crude oil.
What is the role of a functional group in a molecule?
A functional group determines how the molecule will react.
How are alkanes described regarding reactivity?
Alkanes are saturated and generally unreactive.
What test can be used to identify alkenes?
The test for alkenes involves adding bromine water, with a positive result showing a color change to colorless.
What is produced during complete combustion of an alcohol?
Complete combustion of an alcohol produces carbon dioxide and water.
What product results from the condensation reaction of an alcohol and carboxylic acid?
Esters are produced from the condensation reaction of an alcohol and carboxylic acid.
What are addition reactions known for?
Addition reactions are known for their high reactivity.
What is a key advantage of producing alcohol via hydrolysis of ethene?
A key advantage is that it is faster and less labor-intensive.
What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes categorized as?
Alkanes are categorized as saturated hydrocarbons.
What happens in the cracking process of alkanes?
In cracking, larger alkanes are broken down into smaller alkanes and alkenes.
