Reflective models

Kolbs 1984

Concrete experience - Reflection Observation - Abstract Conceptualisation - Active Experimentation

Kolbs 1984 P/C

Pros:

• Encourage active learning from real experiences

• Emphasises learning as continuous process

• Useful for planning future actions

Cons:

• Theory-focused, less intuitive for beginners

• Lacks focus on emotion/ethical aspects

• Overly abstract for clinical settings

Gibbs 1988

Description - Feelings - Evaluation - Analysis - Conclusion - Action Plan

What happened? What were you thinking/feeling?

What was good/bad about experience? What else can you make of situation?

What else could have done? If it rose again what would you do?

Gibbs 1988 P/C

Pros:

• Easy to follow

• Encourages emotional, critical reflection

• Structured, logical progression

Cons:

• Become formulaic/superficial

• Emphasis on feelings, may feel repetitive

• Can be time-consuming

Rolfe 2001

What? So what? Now what?

Rolfe 2001 P/C

Pros:

• Simple, accessible

• Quick to use in practice

• Easy to remember apply

Cons:

• May lack depth for complex reflections

• Limited guidance on theory or evidence

• Risk of oversimplification

Johns 1994

Describe, Reflection, Influencing factors, Contextual, Learning

Johns 1994 P/C

Pros:

• Encourage deep, critical thinking

• Links personal experience with theory and ethics

• Useful for clinical, emotional ethical reflection

Cons:

• Complex and time-consuming

• Requires familiarity with theory (e.g. Carpers ways of knowing)

• Can feel overwhelming for beginners

Schons

Knowledge in action - Reflection in action - Reflection on action

Schons P/C

AI

Pros:

Cons:

• Lack step by step structure

• Time consuming