Study Guide for Unit 3 on Multiple Intelligences and Cognitive Processes

A collection of flashcards focusing on key concepts from Unit 3, including multiple intelligences, cognitive processes, barriers to reasoning, motivation, and emotional responses.

Multiple Intelligences

A theory proposing eight distinct types of intelligence: spatial, naturalist, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and linguistic.

Spatial Intelligence

The ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space.

Naturalist Intelligence

The ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other aspects of nature.

Musical Intelligence

The ability to understand and create music and rhythms.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

The ability to use one's body effectively for self-expression or to accomplish goals.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

The capability to use logic, reasoning, and mathematical skills.

Interpersonal Intelligence

The ability to understand and interact effectively with others.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

The understanding of oneself, including thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

Linguistic Intelligence

The ability to use language effectively, both in written and spoken forms.

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Prototype

A mental image or best example of a category.

Proposition

A statement that expresses an idea that can be true or false.

Cognitive Schema

A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Mental Image

A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem that guarantees a solution.

Heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Reflective Thinking

A type of thinking that involves careful consideration of information.

Pre-reflective Thinking

Thinking that is based on personal experience or intuition rather than reasoning.

Quasi-Reflective Thinking

Thinking that recognizes there may be some ambiguity or uncertainty in knowledge but does not evaluate information critically.

Affect Heuristic

Making decisions based on emotional responses rather than analytical reasoning.

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

Framing Effect

The way information is presented that can influence decision-making and judgments.

Fairness Bias

The tendency to judge a scenario based on perceived fairness rather than objective reality.

Hindsight Bias

The inclination to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preconceptions.

Mental Set

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often based on past experiences.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging.

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships.

Secure Attachment

A type of attachment characterized by comfort with intimacy and dependence.

Avoidant Attachment

A type of attachment where individuals avoid closeness and emotional connection.

Anxious Attachment

A type of attachment characterized by anxiety about relationships and a high need for approval.

Sexual Response Cycle

The phases of physiological and emotional response during sexual activity.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Set Weight

The weight range that the body defends as its ideal.

Basal Metabolism Rate

The rate at which the body uses energy at rest to maintain vital functions.

Leptin

A hormone that helps regulate energy balance and body weight.

Approach Goals

Goals focused on attaining desirable outcomes.

Avoidance Goals

Goals aimed at avoiding negative outcomes.

Performance Goals

Goals oriented towards demonstrating ability and receiving feedback.

Mastery Goals

Goals focused on mastering a task and developing competence.

Universal Emotions

Six basic emotions: anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, and fear.

Amygdala

A brain structure involved in emotion regulation and response.

Cortex

The part of the brain that can override instinctual emotional responses.

Left Prefrontal Cortex

Brain region associated with approach behavior and positive emotions.

Right Prefrontal Cortex

Brain region associated with avoidance behavior and negative emotions.

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that fire both when an individual acts and when they observe the same action performed by another.

Mood Contagion

The phenomenon of experiencing the emotions of others.

Appraisals

Evaluative judgments about the significance of events for personal well-being.

General Adaptation Syndrome

The three-stage response of the body to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Locus of Control

The degree to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one has control over their life events.

External Locus of Control

The belief that external forces dictate the events in one's life.