Bio 2201 Unit 2 Test 2

Identify chemical elements and compounds commonly found in living systems

**Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphate Sulfur (CHNOPS)**

 Identify the role of water in living systems

**Helps cell transport and use substances**

 Identify the role of glucose and ATP

**Glucose is the main source of energy of animal cells, and ATP is organic energy that drives the cell’s processes**

Identify examples and describe the functions of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

**Carbohydrates= monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, provides the body with glucose. Examples, glucose and fructose**

**lipids= Do not dissolve in water, rich energy source, twice as much energy as carbs or protein. Examples, phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides**

**proteins= Have more roles in the cell than any other type of biological molecule. They play a major role in all the activities of life. For example, proteins are responsible for the following:Control what enter and leaves the cell, Carry oxygen in blood, Build hair, Break down food molecules, Support body tissues**

Describe the relationship between cell surface area and cell size

**The smaller the cell the bigger the surface area to volume ratio**

 Describe the parts of the cell membrane (phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates)

**phospholipids=the bilayer around the cell making up the membrane**

**proteins= allow selective substances to enter/exit the cell**

**cholesterol=regulates fluidity in different temperatures**

**carbohydrates= extends outside the membrane and involved with the immune response**

Describe passive transport processes (simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion)

**Simple diffusion= molecules can move to/across the phospholipid bilayer easily**

**osmosis=water molecules move across the membrane with the concentration gradient**

**Facilitated diffusion= when the molecules are either too big, charged, or not fat soluble and need to go through a carrier/channel protein to get into/out of the cell**

 Distinguish between hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic in various situations

**Water goes from hypertonic to hypotonic, meaning the one with more solute to less solute. If both have equal parts solute to water it’s isotonic and everything stays the same.**

 Describe the effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells

**If the animal cell is hypertonic it will swell and potentially burst, if it is hypotonic it will shrivel/shrink**

**If the plant cell is hypertonic it will swell and become turgid (but that is the healthiest for a plant cell) and if it's hypotonic it will shrink away from the cell wall**

Compare and contrast the processes of active transport and passive transport

**Active=uses energy and with the help of enzymes**

**passive= no energy, simple diffusion/facilitated diffusion/osmosis**

Recognize the role of ATP in active transport

**The hydrolysis of ATP provides the required energy for active transport mechanisms to carry such molecules across a concentration gradient**.

Describe and distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis

**Endocytosis= Allows a cell to engulf substances and bring them into the cell. The cell membrane folds around the substances to be taken up by the cell. The fold pinches off forming a vesicle. For example: White Blood Cells**

**Exocytosis=Reverse of endocytosis. Vesicles containing substances that are removed from the cell. Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane. For example: Neurons and neurotransmitters**

Describe ATP hydrolysis and its role in cellular activities

**Water is added to turn ATP into ADP plus a phosphate group. This releases energy (is Exothermic). This release of energy is harnessed to do cellular work.**

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

**Aerobic= with oxygen**

**Anaerobic= without oxygen**

Identify the ATP producing stages of aerobic respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation)

**Glycolysis= the splitting of glucose into 2 Pyruvate molecules**

**Krebs cycle=A circular series of reactions that takes place in the mitochondria.**

**Oxidative phosphorylation=The energy stored from the Krebs cycle is used to produce most of the ATP through the movement of electrons. Oxygen is the last acceptor in the chain**

Summarize the overall process of aerobic respiration

**Glucose splits into 2 pyruvate molecules, the krebs cycle makes a few more ATP but also sends some for oxidative phosphorylation which will produce the most ATP with the movement of electrons.** 

 Describe the complementary nature of the processes of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis

B**ecause the products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration, and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis.**

Which of the following is a type of electrolyte?

a) Sulfur

b) Zinc

c) Potassium

d) Flourine

c) potassium

Is water polar or non-polar?

Polar

Name 3 of water’s life sustaining properties

1. water dissolves many substances
2. water regulates temperature
3. water takes part in many of life’s chemical reactions

What is the difference between hydrophillic and hydrophobic

Hydrophillic= water loving

Hydrophobic=water fearing

What are the 4 types of biological macromolecules

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids (covered in 3201)

Name 3 examples of disaccharides

1. sucrose
2. lactose
3. maltose

name 2 examples of monosaccharides

1. glucose
2. fructose

name 2 examples of polysaccharides

1. starch
2. glycogen

true or false: cholesterol is a steroid

true

How many amino acids are there to make up the proteins required for life

22

How are amino acids linked together?

with peptide bonds

What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane

1. transports raw materials into the cell
2. Transports manufactured products and wastes out of the cell
3. prevents entry of unwanted matter into the cell
4. prevents the escape of matter needed to preform cellular functions

what are the 4 major parts of the cell membrane

1. phospholipids
2. cholesterol
3. proteins
4. carbohydrates

what is the difference between a carrier and channel protein

Carrier=specific materials bind to the proteins which then changes shape to move materials in or out of a cell

Channel=are similar to a tunnel and allow passage of specific ions t move in or out of a cell

describe ATP hydrolysis

water is added to turn ATP into ADP plus a phosphate group. This releases energy

true or false: animal cells use light/dark reactions

false. Only cells which preform photosynthesis use light/dark reactions