Diseases and food supply and Hemorrhagic Viral Disease

Why do human’s migrate to new homes?

• crop failure and starvation (food security)

• drought

• wars

• disease outbreaks

• economic opportunity

• poverty

• religious persecution

• ethnic cleaning

• population growth and crowding

food security

having reliable access to nutritious food

in recent years food security has ______ dramatically in many developing countries.

declined

In recent years, food security has been threatened in many countries due to what?

COVID-19 pandemic (disease) - job loss and no safety net in most countries, unlike the US where we have provided multiple bail outs for people out of work, has affected people’s livelihoods

True or false : the interconnected nature of food/feed commodity value chains and international trade are critical to food security?

True

what is food security built on the foundation of?

staple foods

Current example of the interconnected nature of food/feed commodity value chains and international trade criticality

Oil and gas from Russia and wheat and barley from Ukraine and Russia used in countries like India, Egypt, Horn of African countries has caused shortages affecting food and economics.

what are staple foods?

eaten regularly as a dominant portion of the diet

• high energy and nutrient value

• provides carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for diet

• inexpensive

• can be stored a long time

True or False: most people in the world live on a diet consisting of a large number of staples

False

food staples

Grains: wheat, rice, rye and barley, corn, sorghum and millet

Tubers: potatoes, yams, cassava

Legumes: pulses (beans, lentils, and peas)

15 crops provide what percentage of the worlds food energy (stape foods)?

90%

rice, corn, and wheat comprise what proportion of human food consumption? food for over how many people in the world?

2/3

4 billion people

what is the current world population?

8.2 billion

rate of yearly population growth? how many percents per year?

less than 1 percent

by what percentage is the growth rate dropping by?

0.85%

what is the one child policy of China now leaning to?

a labor crisis

child selection in some countries has led to an excess of ____ in some countries.

boys - no wives to be had and lack of future children will be a limit to the world force

globally how many people die of hunger and malnutrition related diseases every single day.

25,000

qpprox 690 million people about 10% of the world’s population - suffer from…

chronic hinger

how many children die each year from malnutrition

2.3 million

why is poor infrastructure a factor in food security?

lack of farm equipment

lack of running water

lack of electricity

poor distribution system (lack of transportation, railroads, poor roads or no roads)

lack of markets

lack of food storage

lack of refrigetation

Who domesticated potatoes

the Inca in Peru and Bolivia South Africa

when were potatoes first introduced to Europe and by who?

500 years ago by the spanish explorers/colonists

why were potatoes initially used in European animal feed?

potatoes belong to the nightshade flowering plants botanical family: Solanaceae

Many of the plants in this family are poisonous

they were scared they might be poisonous

when did the Europe first start cultivating potatoes>

1700’s

Ireland

small island

poor and oppressed

underproductive soil and cold rainy weather

no valuable natural resources except firs (no gold, silver, gemstones, iron core, organs

despite its lack of natural mineral resources Ireland was invaded by who?

Vikings, Normans

How many people moved during the Irish Potatoe faminine

3 and a half

how many people died in the Irish potatoes famine

1 million

4 ways diseases are spread (methods of transmission)

direct contact

ingestion via water and raw foods

air-borne

vector-borne

emerging infectious diseases are

an infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range 

viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal

examples of emerging disease agents

factors leading to disease emergence

ecological, environmental, and/or demographic factors that place people in increased contact with the natural host for a previously unfamiliar zoonotic agent or that promotes the spread of the pathogen.

1. change in demographics and behavior

2. environmental change and land use

3. breakdown in public health and measures

4. microbial adaptation and change 

5. international travel and commerce

6. change in technology and industry

emerging infectious diseases (EID’s) occur when

disease agents change

new insect vectors are introduced or spread

populations are displaced by natural disasters or man-made disasters such as war

spread from one person to another through direct contact, food, water, insects and animals

pathogens are spread in health care settings

how did pigs get African swine flu

from eating garbage containing undercooked pork

zoonosis or zoonotic disease is

a disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans

number of examples where humans transmit diseases to animals (SARS CoV-2 from humans to mink, deer, zoo cats, pets as well as farm workers transmit influenza virus to hogs and vice versa

emerging zoonosis

a zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously and remerged - shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical,, host range, or vector range, and has an animal reservoir

vector

an organism, typically a biting incest or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal to another

reservoir

the population of organisms or the specific environment in which an infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces, or upon which the pathogen primarily depends for its survival. usually, a living host of certain species, such as an animal or plant, inside of which the pathogen survives, often without causing disease for the reservoir itself.

what percentage of known diseases in humans are zoonotic.

60%

what percentage of new or emerging diseases are caused by zoonotic agents

75%

examples of zoonotic diseases

• plague

• influenza (H5N1, H1,N1)

• rabies

• yellow fever

• MERS,

• SARS CoV-1

• SARS CoV-2

• ebola and lassa

• zika

• monkey pox

what percentage of new emerging diseases are zoonotic

70-75%

wildlife use of food effects

can expose those who skin/process the meat to potentially dangerous diseases

bush meat trade

hundreds of species of wildlife such as primates, antelopes, wild pigs, rodents amphibians are “cropped” or killed for food

thus, people come into contact with potential animal pathogens by aerosols, direct contact such as blood, abrasions, or cuts or the ingestion of undercooked meat

Grass Cutter (Cane) Rats

• wild rats the size of a rabbit

• favorite meat of many African countries

• raised for food

• reservoir for the Mpox virus

• Mpox outbreaks

• there have been 30,466 cases this year alone

• contact with rodents, and wild primates

• not a new variant that is more deadly

• can be sexually transmitted

mpox first comes to a pet store in _____ when?

Dallas in 2003

viral hemorrhagic fever families

1. arenaviruses

2. filoviruses

3. flaviviruses

4. bunyaviruses

what do the 4 families of hemorrhagic fever viruses have in common

• they are all RNA viruses

• all are covered or enveloped viruses (wrapped in a fatty lipid coat)

• viral survival is dependent on an animal or insect host, called the “natural reservoir”

• geographically restricted

are humans the natural reservoir of hemorrhagic fever viruses

no

how are humans infected by hemorrhagic fever viruses

when they come into contact with infected vectors or directly by animal or human hosts

true or false, in some cases humans can transmit the virus to one another

true

hemorrhagic fever viruses outbreaks are characterized as

sporadic, irregular, and unpredictable

are there vaccines for hemorrhagic fever viruses

very few, antivirals, and vaccine front are being developed, and much progress has been made in recent years for some of these viruses

what is viral hemorrhagic fever characterized by?

fever, bleeding disorders and infections can progress to high fever, bleeding disorder, shock and death in many cases

what kind of cells do hemorrhagic viral diseases often effect

endothelial cells of blood vessels

which system is damaged by hemorrhagic viral disease

vascular

what impact do hemorrhagic viral diseases have on the body

vascular system is damaged, body’s ability to regulate itself is impaired, these symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage/bleeding

multi-organ shut down, shock, = organ failure, death

filovirus examples

Ebola and Marburg

mortality rate of Ebola

50-100%

ebola and marburg outbreaks

occur sporadically and irregularly and are not easily predicted

are humans and non-human primates the natural reservoir of ebola or marburg

no

where was the first recorded Marburg case

1947, started in a lab, 31 people became ill beginning with laboratory workers followed by several medical personnel, and family members who had cared for them - 7 deaths reported

symptoms of Ebola and Marburg

• fever

• severe headache

• muscle pain

• weakness

• fatigue

• diarrhea

• vomiting

• abdominal pain

• unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising)

• symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure

• average is 8-10 days

Ebola history in Africa

in the last 12 years, more outbreaks in West, Central and East Africa recognized and reported

most recent outbreak was in Uganda

better disease surveillance and diagnostic tests

History of Marburg Virus

• Marburg, Germany 1967

 African Green Monkey from Uganda

 History less than 300 known deaths

 Cases mainly in Uganda, Kenya and South Sudan

 Confirmed cases in Guinee and Ghana 2021. 2022

Ebola Virus history

 South Sudan (1976 first seen)

 Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire)

 Uganda

 Cote d’Ivoire

 West Africa 2013-16

 Liberia

 Guinee

 Sierra Leone

 Democratic Rep Congo 2018-Dec 2021

 Outbreak in Uganda 2022

 Some small outbreaks of Marburg in Ghana and Ebola in DRC in 2022

 2023 suspects but no major outbreak this year!

reservoir for Ebola virus

fruit bats, Reston Ebola, Philippines and pigs

no humans

Ebola Transmission in Africa

contact with bush meat

blood or body fluids (including or not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola

recently providing to have long viral persistence in some recovered individuals like the eye and brain

West Frica Ebola Outbreak (2013-2016)

first time a large outbreak of Ebola reported in West Africa

Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea

Was the most widespread outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) up until that point in history

Hot Zone: disease wise and tropical heat

Over 28,700 cases with 11,300 deaths

3 targeted countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia)

spread to Mali, Senegal and Nigeria but stamped out

spread also to Europe and US.

historically what was Ireland to England

an agricultural colony

Why did potatoes become such a staple in Ireland

Irish were mostly farmers who exported wheat and rye to England

grew potatoes to eat because they were easy to grow and harvest (didn’t require animals or plows so women and children could easily farm them)

high yield → up to 30 tons per acre

What did the cultivation of potatoes in Ireland do to its population? 

The population of Ireland grew from half a million to up to 8 million people by 1840 due to their successful cultivation of potatoes

Irish potato famine occurred when

1845-1849

why is the irish potato famine considered the perfect storm

it was a classic collision of demographics, politics, socioeconomic and disease (both human and plant) factors

also known as an agriculture monoculture

what was the Irish potato famine

a disease called the potato blight or the late blight

caused by a pathogenic fungus called Phytophthora infestans

originated in central or south america and was accidentally imported to europe 

phytophthora infestans

potato blight

how does the irish potato famine spread

by spores via water and wind

signs of potato blight

brown spots, wilted leaves, and rotting potatoes

was there a treatment for the fungus that caused the potato famine

not until the 1880s when farmers started using a copper sulfate mixture

how are potatoes propagated

vegetative methods (cloning)

potato tubers have nodes or eyes from which the new growth begins. the new stems growing from each eye are called sprouts which gives rise to the new plant. vegetative “seed” can be either a whole tuber or a cut tuber

not propagated by seeds

why was the way potatoes were propagated such an issue during the Irish potato famine 

since potatoes are propagated vegetatively meaning they become clones of the exact variety of potatoes that are planted, crop disease was more likely to wipe out an entire population

Why did so many people die during the irish potato famine?

people became weak and died of starvation and secondary symptoms such as typhus, cholera, dysentery, and relapsing fever

what happens when the food staple crop failed in ireland?

crops failed, tenant farmers were thrown off their land by their english landlords and kicked out of their houses, thousands died each day due to starvation and disease, some have likened this disease to the holocaust because so many died and there was no response by landlords or british government

demographic changes due to the irish potato famine

up to 30% decrease in population in some counties in ireland

over one million people died of malnutrition, secondary diseases and starvation

two million displaced from ireland to North America

one and half million moved to Britain

25% of those who moved did not make it due to weakness and death

where were the gateways into the US from ireland

ellis island, new york, galveston, texas, san francisoco

what happened to those who entered the US via immigration gateways?

all immigrants questioned and manually examined

quarantined

what happened to immigrants during quarantine

• checked for fever

• all people had to bathe

• shower, wash clothes, hair cut

• clothes were boiled to kill lice and germs (bacteria and viruses)

• sick people were separated i.e. quarantined and some sent back to their homelands (triage)

• deaths caused by smallpox, cholera, typhus

• more than 9,000 are believed to be buried on Grosse Ile (island)

could something like the irish potato famine happen again

late blight of potatoes and tomatoes still cause billions of dollars of crop damage every year around the world

monocultures of many (most) crops still exist

fungicides are readily available

resistant cultivars of potatoes are available

emerging diseases of potatoes occurs

example of a Texas emerging disease in potatoes (Texas zebra chips)

where does Texas rank in potato production in the US

13th

Texas Zebra Chip

according to Dr. Charlie Rush, Texas AgriLife Research Plant pathologist the potato psyllid is the insect that transmits bacteria that causes the relatively new disease in potatoes known as the zebra chip

Irish potato famine summary

infectious disease - a fungus in Ireland and a bacteria in Texas

struck a monoculture of potatoes

the result of the irish potato famine

more than 11% of americans claim irish ancestry

irish american political leaders have played a major role in local and national politics since before the American Revolutionary War

either irish americans signed the declaration of independence

22 american presidents have been at least partly irish american

value of US agriculture exports

• success in Agriculture allowed us to move to the cities and to industrialize

• allows you to go to school and not to have to work on the farm during spring break and over the summers

• THERE IS ENOUGH FOOD in the US

• 23 per cent of our agricultural products are exported for a value of about $140 billion dollars

US agriculture exports

140 billion annually (rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, food oil, meat and poultry, dairy and eggs, animal feeds)

Rinderpest (RP)

an acute or subacute contagious viral infection of ruminants manifested by

• high fever

• lachrymal discharge from the eyes

• profuse watery diarrhea

• erosions of the epithelium of the mouth (stomatitis) and of the digestive tract (enteritis) and severe watery diarrhea

• high mortality of infected animals

Rinderpest transmission

direct contact: respiratory and lachrymal sections, feces

how long is the incubation period for rinderpest

3-15 days

what is the duration of disease from rinderpest

2 or more weeks

terminal rinderpest

lacrimal discharge

necrotic stomatitis

diarrhea