ADJ Criminology Exam 4

Treason

An act of disloyalty to one's nation or state.

Espionage

Also known as spying, the practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society, which is considered confidential and without the permission of the holder of the information.

Political Crime

Illegal acts designed to undermine an existing government and/or threaten its survival.

Terrorism

The unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civil populous for political or social objectives.

Dehumanization

Terrorists view others as collateral damage or property, not innocent bystanders.

Omerta

The concept of non-cooperation with authorities, self-control in the face of adversity, and vendetta's or blood washes blood.

Moral Entrepreneurs

The legislation of morality is not a new concept because policymakers believe they can control morals by instituting laws and policies.

John

Those who hire or solicit prostitutes.

White-Collar Crime

'A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.'

Advance Fee Fraud

A broad variety of schemes designed to convince their victims into submitting upfront payments in exchange for the promise of goods, services, and/or prizes.

Foreclosure Rescue Fraud

Prey on individuals who cannot make payments on their mortgages.

Pennsylvania System

Based on solitary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment.

Auburn System

Allowed inmates to work and/or provide for the prison, which allowed for lower costs.

Probation

The conditional release of a convicted offender into the community, under the supervision of a probation officer.

Parole

The conditional release of a prisoner prior to completion of the imposed sentence.

Restitution

A court-ordered payment that allows victims of crime to recover damages.

Rehabilitation

To change an offender's behavior to become a law-abiding citizen.

Consecutive Sentencing

Upon completion of one sentence another term of incarceration is given.

Concurrent Sentencing

Both sentences are served at the same time, and the term of imprisonment is completed after the longest term has been served.

Indeterminate Sentencing

The judge setting a maximum length and a minimum length within limits set by statute.

Determinate Sentencing

A fixed term of incarceration.

Genocide

Acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part.

Tax Evasion

A citizen failing to report all income or failing to file taxes.

Identity Theft

A crime which involves stealing an individual's identity for fraudulent means.

Edwin Sutherland

In the 1930s, first used the phrase 'white-collar crime' to describe criminal activities of the rich and powerful.

Charles 'Lucky' Luciano

Established a power-sharing arrangement called 'The Commission,' a group of five mafia families of equal status.

Pablo Escobar

Drug trafficker who imported approximately 90,000 kilos per year of cocaine worth about $2.75 billion dollars.

Theodore 'Ted' Kaczynski

Known as the 'Unabomber,' he issued a bombing campaign between 1978 and 1995.

Timothy McVeigh

Follower of the Patriot Movement who bombed the Murrah Federal building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995.

William Penn

William Penn (1644-1718) began to change how society viewed the concept of punishment. Incarceration instead of death.

Robert Hanssen

A counterintelligence agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that provided to KGB handlers during the cold war.

Joaquin 'El Chapo' Guzman

A Sinaloa cartel leader whose crime syndicate continues to threaten the United States.

John Augustus

Considered the father of probation.

John Howard

Questioned punishment practices in his 1777 work entitled, 'The State of the Prisons in England and Wales.'

Lone Wolf Terrorism

Perceive injustices, which they state must be brought to national attention through terrorism.

Right-Wing Terrorism

Endorse racial supremacy, anti-government, and anti-regulatory beliefs.

Left-Wing Terrorism

Include individuals and groups who subscribe to radical positions advocating extreme change.

Special Interest Terrorism

Subscribe to specific issues, rather than effect more wide-spread political change.

International Terrorism

Aims to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Marijuana classification

A unique category developed for marijuana due to its active ingredient, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Schedule I drugs

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

Schedule IV drugs

Ambien, Valium, Klonopin, and Xanax.

Pain killers and prescription drug abuse

The most common forms of prescription drug abuse but are not the only form of prescription drug misuse.

Agencies investigating white-collar crimes

FBI, the Security Exchange Commission (SEC), and the IRS.

Tax evasion costs

Costs the United States government over $450 billion dollars according to the IRS (2016).

Italian-American crime families

The five organized crime families of New York are the Gambino, Genovese, Bonanno, Lucchese, and Colombo.

Mexican drug cartels

The Sinaloa, Juarez, Gulf, Tijuana, Millennium, Oaxaca, and Colima cartels.

Steps of radicalization

Pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination, and jihadization.

Countries associated with organized crime

Columbia, Mexico, and Russia, Asia, with various ethnic groups involved.

Drug schedules

The federal government established five different schedules of drugs (Schedule I-V) based on potential for abuse and medical use.

Categories of drugs

Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, narcotics, cannabis, inhalants, and dissociative anesthetics.

Legal limit for DUI

Most states have a legal limit of 0.08 for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol.

Utah's DUI limit

As of 2019, Utah became the first state to impose a 0.05 legal limit.

Sentencing disparities

Research on sentencing has displayed certain laws target the American underclass.

Crack vs. powder cocaine laws

The Fair Sentencing Act was signed into law in 2010, reducing the disparity in sentencing for crack and powder cocaine.

Legalization of prostitution in Nevada

Brothels were legalized in Nevada in 1971.

First DUI law

In 1910, New York became the first state to pass laws on driving while under the influence of alcohol.

Synthetic opioid overdoses

Over 150 people die every day from overdoses related to synthetic opioids such as fentanyl.

Cost of healthcare fraud

Costs the United States approximately $68 billion dollars per year.

Three strike laws

These laws sentenced many non-violent felons to long prison terms and caused major prison overcrowding.

Types of prostitutes

Streetwalker, bar girl, brothel girl, massage girl, cyber hooker, circuit girl, and escort.

Origin of parole

The first legislation authorizing parole in the United States was enacted in Massachusetts in 1837.

Early forms of punishment

Banishment, mutilation, branding, flogging, burned alive, or slow death.

Methods of capital punishment

Hanging, lethal injection, lethal gas, electric chair, and firing squad.

Examples of intermediate sanctions

Fines, restitution, forfeiture, home confinement, and boot camps.

Criticism of the Patriot Act

Critics claim the Patriot Act is overreaching and impedes on civil liberties.

History of opium use

Dates back to the Neolithic Age and was opposed by religious leaders in the late 1700s.

White-collar crime reporting

Only 30 percent of victims report white-collar crime to law enforcement.

Heroin and prescription opioid misuse

Approximately 80 percent of people who use heroin first misuse a prescription opioid.

Alcohol-related fatal accidents

Close to 25 percent of fatal accidents involved alcohol.

Sexually exploited children in prostitution

Approximately 20 percent of sexually exploited children are involved in prostitution rings.

iGaming revenue growth

Revenue from traditional casinos to sports betting to iGaming grew by almost 20 percent from 2020.

Emotional distress from revenge porn

Among revenge porn victims, 93 percent reported significant emotional distress.

Mental health issues in jail inmates

Approximately 64 percent of all jail inmates have a mental health problem.

Substance abuse statistics

28.6 million Americans aged 12 years or over used an illicit drug during the previous month.

Addiction problems in Americans

One in seven Americans will face an addiction problem in their life.

Daily opioid misuse deaths

An average of 115 people died every day from opioid abuse.

Teenagers and sexting

Close to 40 percent of surveyed teenagers in the UK stated they had been involved in sexting at least once.

Early gambling problems

40 percent of problem gamblers start gambling before they are 17 years old.

Average time on death row

The average number of years an individual was on death row prior to execution was 13 years.

Cost of alcohol-related accidents

The annual cost of alcohol-related accidents is approximately $44 billion dollars.

Adderall misuse statistics

Individuals aged 18-25 made up 60 percent of Adderall abuse.

Medellin Cartel

A powerful and violent group from Colombia that ran the global cocaine trade during the 1970s and 1980s.

Cali Cartel

A loose alliance of five major trafficking groups that started importing drugs into Queens, New York during the 1990s.

Sinaloa Cartel

Considered the most powerful drug trafficking organization in the world.

Juárez Cartel

Currently in a war with the Sinaloa cartel over territory and has a long history of corrupting or intimidating high-ranking officials in Mexico.

Odessa Mafia

The most popular Russian organized crime group in America, involved in drug trafficking, credit card fraud, human trafficking, tax fraud, and extortion.

Vory

The dominant Russian organized crime group that developed among individuals in Soviet prison camp and has infiltrated every aspect of Russia's economy.

La Cosa Nostra

Modern La Cosa Nostra can be traced back to the 1800s and is organized into families with a specific hierarchy.

Chicago Outfit

Structured into street crews, each crew acts independently, overseen by a boss and assisted by lieutenants.

Triads

The dominant Chinese organized crime group involved in human trafficking, counterfeiting, drug trafficking, and white-collar crime.

Yakuza

A 300-year-old Japanese organized crime group involved in real-estate fraud, human trafficking, prostitution, illegal gambling, and extortion.

Weather Underground

A left-wing terrorist group founded in 1969, initially protesting the Vietnam War and later conducting a campaign of bombings.

Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act

Passed in 2003, authorized additional funding toward combating Ecstasy (MDMA) and other 'club drugs' in the United States.

Boggs Act

Passed in 1951, provided mandatory sentences for individuals violating federal drug laws.

Mann Act

Passed in 1910, prohibiting the interstate transport of females for immoral purposes.

May Act

Passed in 1941, preventing any forms of prostitution around military bases.

Harrison Act

Made it illegal in 1914 to sell or give away opium or opium derivatives and coca or coca derivative products without a written order.

Marijuana Tax Act

Passed in 1937, designed to tax the sales of cannabis within the United States.

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations statute (RICO)

Passed in 1970, the most important legislation designed to combat organized crime, defining racketeering activities.