WHAP - Units 8/9 Vocab

Non-Alignment Movement

A group of states which were not allied with or against any major power bloc of the Cold War; didn't want to take sides in the conflict; examples include: Sukarno in Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

NATO

An alliance of capitalist nations made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; includes US, England, France, Canada, and Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist Eastern European nations; formed in response to NATO

Proxy War

War in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly; happened often during the Cold War including the Korean War, Angolan Civil War, and the Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961; goals = rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society; resulted in famine and the deaths of millions of Chinese people.

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) Started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China; an attack on traditional Chinese cultural values; resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailing, and the deaths of thousands.

land redistribution

A policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and divided amongst those who have little or none; a popular practice among Communist nations who seek to gain the support of lower class citizens who had historically been denied property ownership; occurred in China, Mexico, USSR, Vietnam etc.

White Revolution

Occurred in Iran in 1962, the Shah's attempt appease the Iranian citizens; called for economic and and political reforms: created land reform, profit sharing, and women's right to vote

Indian National Congress

Movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government; membership was middle class (high caste), demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; nationalist communist leader of North Vietnam; fought against French colonization of Vietnam, used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine

Muslim League

An organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations; led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah from 1913 until creation of Pakistan in 1947

Partition of India

After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1947, India was separated into two countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus; led to conflict as well as population displacement and resettlement

Nelson Mandela

South African nationalist Leader of the African National Congress (ANC); arrested for opposing white S. African rule and apartheid; used nonviolent means of protest; released from prison to become the South Africa's first democratically elected president in 1994

Apartheid

South African political system of formal and forced racial segregation; established in 1948.

Al Qaeda

A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. Educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Containment Theory

Stopping the spread of communism during the Cold War; the US theory stated: if Communism could be limited, the system would eventually die out

Marshall Plan

US plan to revive war-torn economies of Europe. Offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe; meant to improve economies so that communism would not sound appealing

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Gorbachev which called for more openness and transparency in the Soviet gov't, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry including less censorship and control of the media.

Perestroika

A policy initiated Soviet leader Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the economy in the USSR towards a market based (capitalist) economy.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Alzheimer's Disease

An irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning; associated with increased human longevity

Margaret Thatcher

A prominent leader of conservatives in Great Britain in the 1980s. Advocated cutting taxes, regulations, and government assistance to the poor as a way to promote economic growth.

multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Created in 1994, an agreement for free trade (no trade barriers) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

Trading Bloc

A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with members nations (ex: EU, NAFTA, ASEAN)

World Bank

A specialized agency that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Founded in 1995, a global institution created to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes

Manufacturing Economy

Economy in which a large portion of employees are engaged in work that is aimed at producing manufactured products (examples: Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, Honduras)

Malaria

This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa die of this disease and hundreds of millions are infected.

Knowledge Economy

A post-industrial society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on information (research & development) Examples: Finland, Japan, US

Green Revolution

Increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; Initially targeted grain production in Mexico and later supported rising Asian populations. Planet geneticist Norman Borlaug is considered the "father" of this revolution.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope; in terms of AP World History - globalized culture and trade

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

Founded in 1967, a trade organization for economic, political, social, and cultural cooperation among Southeast Asian nations (includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam)

Bollywood

Indian film industry

Climate Change

A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

Deng Xiaoping

Came to power after Mao Zedong; communist Party leader responsible for the One Child Policy and Chinese economic reforms.